Vacuum pyrolysis characteristics of waste epoxy printed circuit boards

Vacuum pyrolysis was employed to dispose scrap brominated epoxy printed circuit boards (PCBs). Pyrolysis characteristics of waste PCBs under normal pressure and vacuum were investigated in this paper. A detailed study on the analysis of the elemental composition of PCBs and the pyrolysis products was performed. The thermal decomposition kinetics was measured by a thermogravimetric (TG) analyzer. The activation energy of pyrolysis under nitrogen atmosphere and vacuum were 193 kJ/mol to 206 kJ/mol and 145 kJ/mol to 165 kJ/mol, respectively. The composition of materials was analyzed by elemental analyzer. The pyrolysis products were analyzed by GC (gas chromatograph), GC-MS (chromatography and mass spectrometry) and FT-IR (Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy). Vacuum helped to increase the yield of pyrolysis oil. The liquid yield of PCBs pyrolysis at 15 kPa and normal pressure were 31.3? and 23.5?, respectively. The main components in pyrolysis oils were phenol, isopropyl-phenol, and their brominated substitution.     

幽默

The Boasters
A Frenchman, an Englishman and an American were boasting （吹牛） about how fast trains went in their countries.     

Sign Language

An Englishman was once travelling in Italy. He could not speak Italian. One day he went to a restaurant and sat at a table. When the waiter came, the Englishman opened his mouth, put his fingers into it, took them out again and moved his lips. By doing these he meant, "Bring me something to eat." The waiter soon brought him a cup of tea. The Englishman shook his head and the waiter understood him to say that he didn't want tea, so he took it away and brought him some coffee. The Englishman…     

Effects of Huangqi and bear bile on recurrent parotitis in children: a new clinical approach

Objective:To evaluate the pharmacological effects of traditional Chinese medicine,bear bile capsule and Huangqi granule,on recurrent parotitis in children.Methods:In this prospective,controlled,and randomized study,a total of 151 young children were divided into three groups:Group A included massaging the children’s parotid region and melting vitamin C in their mouth daily;Group B included swallowing bear bile capsule and Huangqi granule daily;and Group C included massages and vitamin C as prescribed in Group A,and traditional Chinese medicine as prescribed in Group B.Children were treated individually for one month and then a follow-up study was conducted for 1 to 3.5 years.Analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Ridit analysis were employed for statistical analysis.Results:The recurrence rate decreased in every group,but was significantly more in Groups B and C when compared to Group A.The recurrences significantly decreased(P<0.01) in Group B and their recovery rate was as high as 63%,significantly better than those of the other groups(P<0.01).Conclusions:Huangqi and bear bile could be a novel clinical approach for treating recurrent parotitis in children.     

Chinese EFL Teachers’ Attitudes toward Corpus Use in Collocation Instruction

The purpose of the present study was to investigate Chinese EFL(English as a Foreign Language)teachers’attitudes toward corpus use in collocation instruction.Fourteen Chinese EFL teachers from seven different colleges or universities answered a questionnaire asking their perceptions about corpus use in collocation instruction.The statistical analysis revealed that significant difference(t=2.449,df.=9,p=.0370.1)was found between males and females in their perception of the learnability of the searching technique in collocation corpus.Besides,the result also revealed that significant differences were found between novice and experienced teachers’perception of helpfulness of corpus in writing native-like sentences(t=5.75,df=11,p0.1),identifying collocation errors in English(t=5.75,df=11,p0.1),usefulness of corpus in searching for English collocations(t=2.93,df=12,p0.1),and advocacy of corpus to colleagues(t=5.75,df=11,p0.1).Finally,some pedagogical implications were put forward.     

Establishment of reference mandibular plane for anterior alveolar morphology evaluation using cone beam computed tomography

To propose a method of establishing the reference mandibular plane(MP),which could be reestablished according to the coordinates of the reference points,and then facilitate the assessment of anterior alveolar morphology using cone beam computed tomography(CBCT),sixty patients with bimaxillary protrusion were randomly selected and CBCT scans were taken.The CBCT scans were transferred to Materialism’s interactive medical image control system 10.01(MIMICS 10.01),and three dimensional models of the entire jaws were constructed.Reference points determining the reference MP were positioned in the coronal,axial,sagittal windows,and the points were exactly located by recording their coordinates in the interfaces of software.The reference MP provided high intra-observer reliability(Pearson’s r 0.992 to 0.999),and inter-observer reliability(intra-class correlation coefficients(ICCs) 0.996 to 0.999).     

Bacterial Diversity of Anshun Sufu,A Traditional Fermented Tofu in Guizhou Province of China

Samples of sufu, a traditional food product made by fermenting soybeans, were collected in the city of Anshun in Southwest China and their bacterial diversity was investigated. Nine samples were divided into groups A–C, according to the markets in which they were collected, and the samples were subjected to pyrosequencing of the 16 S rRNA V3–V4 regions for evaluation of the bacterial community. A total of 342 operational taxonomic units(OTUs) were determined. One of the samples(B2) included as many as 286 OTUs, and it also displayed the greatest bacterial richness. The most abundant bacterial diversity was shown in group B. Firmicutes was the dominant phylum in groups A and B, while Proteobacteria was the dominant phylum in group C. Lactobacillus was the prevailing genus in group A, Tetragenococcus in group B, and Empedobacter in group C. The bacterial composition of sufu depends, to a large degree, on the manufacturer. The obtained results showed regional differences in the bacterial community patterns of sufu products, which could contribute to a better understanding of the fermentation and ripening bioprocesses of sufu.     

Gorham-Stout syndrome in mainland China: a case series of 67 patients and review of the literature

Objective:Gorham-Stout syndrome (GSS) is a rare disorder of uncertain etiology and unpredictable prognosis. This study aims to present a comprehensive understanding of this rare entity. Methods:A literature search in PubMed and three Chinese databases was performed to screen histologically proven GSS cases among Chinese residents in the mainland. We analyzed the patients’ clinical characteristics, the value of different treatment modalities and their influence on the clinical outcome. Results:Sixty-seven cases were finally enrolled. There were 43 men (64.2%) and 24 women (35.8%). The mean age at diagnosis was 28 years (1.5-71 years). The most common clinical symptoms included pain (n=40, 59.7%), functional impairment (n=13, 19.4%), and swelling (n=12, 17.9%). The radiographic presentation of 37 cases (55.2%) was disappearance of a portion of the bone. The others presented as radiolucent foci in the intramedullary or subcortical regions. A total of 42 cases provided data on therapy, these included surgery (n=27, 40.3%), radiation therapy (n=6, 9.0%), surgery combined with radiation therapy (n=2, 3.0%), and medicine therapy (n=7, 10.4%). For 30 of these 42 cases, follow-up data were available:21 cases had the disorder locally controlled and 9 had a symptom progression. Fortunately, the disease is not fatal in the majority of cases. Conclusions:GSS has no specific symptoms and it should be taken into consideration when an unclear massive osteolysis occurs. The efficacies of different treatment modalities are still unpredictable and further research is required to assess the values of different treatments.     

Relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

Objective: To investigate the relationships between endothelial nitric oxide synthases (eNOS) G894T and 27 bp-variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) gene polymorphisms and osteoporosis in the postmenopausal women of Chinese Han nationality. Methods: In the present study, 281 postmenopausal women from Xi'an urban area in West China were recruited, and divided into osteoporosis, osteopenia, and normal groups according to the diagnostic criteria of osteoporosis proposed by World Health Organization (WHO). The bone mineral density (BMD) values of lumbar vertebrae and left hips were determined by QDR-2000 dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Blood samples were tested for plasma biochemical indicators including testosterone, estradiol, calcitonin, osteocalcin, and procollagen type I amino-terminal propeptide by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase by spectrophotometric method, and the content of nitric oxide by Griess method. Genome DNA was extracted from whole blood, and G894T polymorphism of eNOS gene was analyzed by using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method and 27 bp-VNTR polymorphism of eNOS gene was genotyped by PCR method. Then the relationships between genotypes and biochemical indicators, genotypes and osteoporosis, and haplotypes and osteoporosis were analyzed. Results: The average BMD values of the femoral neck, ward's triangle and lumbar vertebrae 1～4 (L1～L4) in the subjects with T/T genotype in eNOS G894T locus were significantly higher than those in the subjects with G/T and G/G genotypes (P<0.05). The average BMD of the femoral neck in the subjects with a/a genotype of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR locus was evidently higher than that in the subjects with b/b genotype (P<0.05). The plasma testosterone and osteocalcin concentrations in the subjects of eNOS G894T G/T genotype were evidently higher than those in the subjects of other genotypes (P<0.05); the plasma estradiol concentration in the subjects of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype was obviously higher than that in the subjects of b/b genotype (P<0.01). eNOS G/G homozygous frequencies in osteoporosis women, osteopenia women, and normal women were 85.37%, 76.38%, and 83.87%, respectively (P＞0.05). 0% osteoporosis woman, 0.79% osteopenia women, and 3.23% normal women were eNOS a/a homozygous (P<0.05). The frequencies of eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a allele were 5.33% in the osteoporosis group, 10.24% in the osteopenia group, and 16.13% in the normal group (P<0.05, odds ratio (OR)=0.29, 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.11～0.77), suggesting that a/a genotype and a allele might have protective effects on osteoporosis. The haplotype analysis showed that G-b was 87.7% (214/244) in the osteoporosis group (P<0.05, OR=2AS, 95% CI=1.18～5.18). G-a was 5.3% (13/244) in the osteoporosis group (P<0.05, OR=0.29, 95% CI=0.11～0.77). G-b was a risk factor for osteoporosis, and G-a a protective factor. Conclusion: eNOS G894T G/T genotype influenced the plasma testosterone and osteocalcin concentrations, and T/T genotype influenced BMD. eNOS 27 bp-VNTR a/a genotype increased plasma estradiol concentration to have a protective effect on osteoporosis.     

Typical Tragic Character Study on an American Tragedy

The work an American Tragedy is a great work of tragedy.The two main characters,Clide and Robert are typical tragic characters.The author will analyze the work from the perspective of Aristotle’s study of tragedy(悲剧论) and Hegel’s typical character(典型人物性格说).The heroine Robert more or less accords with the typical tragic character that Aristotle and Hegel describe in their studies.Although there are some contradictions with their opinions about tragic character and typical character,in my opinion,an American Tragedy is a great work of tragedy and both the hero and heroine are typical tragic characters.     

Endoscopic ultrasonographic features of gastric linitis plastica in fifty-five Chinese patients

The objective of this study was to investigate the endosonographic appearance of gastric linitis plastica(GLP) and to study the usefulness of endoscopic ultrasonography(EUS) for the T and N staging of GLP.EUS examinations of 55 patients with histologically proven GLP were retrospectively studied.In all patients,EUS showed that lesions involved at least one-third of the circumference of the stomach.Based on the findings of the EUS,the 55 patients were divided into two groups.There were 32(58.2%) patients in the first group.EUS of this group showed that the five sonographic layers had disappeared and had been replaced by a hypoechogenic thickening of the gastric wall.There were 23(41.8%) patients in the second group.EUS of this group showed that the first three sonographic layers were blurred and thickened,and the fourth layer was significantly thickened.The full thickness of the gastric wall was significantly thicker in first than in the second group of patients(P<0.01).The incidence of perigastric lesions was significantly higher in the first than in the second group of patients(P<0.01).Results for the 15 patients following preoperative EUS were compared postoperatively with histopathologic findings for T and N staging.The overall diagnostic accuracy of the T stage was 73.3% and of the N stage was 60.0%.In eight patients,we used EUS to assess a therapeutic response.No response was observed in five patients and a partial response in three.EUS images of GLP are characteristic.EUS is helpful in diagnosing GLP and for assessing the T and N stages.     

Levels and statistical analysis of aerosol phase PAHs over Qingdao alongshore

Atmospheric concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured during various seasons at six different cities/locations in Qingdao alongshore. The annual average PAHs concentration ranged from 16 ng/m3 (at a clean com- pared site) to 308 ng/m3 (in an industry site). The average total particulate PAHs concentration was 74.5 ng/m3 with a higher concentration of particulate PAHs in winter. Based on a year-round dataset, the sources of PAHs in the air of Qingdao were drawn by principal factor analysis and correlation analysis. The results indicated that vehicle emissions and oil burning were the main source of PAHs in Qingdao alongshore.     

Development of quality function development matrix to measure the quality management performance of contractor

Quality function development (QFD) matrix was introduced as a tool to measure the quality management performance of contractors. Engineering quality, quality management system components, and their relationship were defined. An integrated engineering quality system was decomposed into seven factors and the quality management system was composed of eight factors. Importance weights of all factors and their relationship point were acquired by questionnaires and interviews. Then, QFD matrix was formulated and the calculating process was proposed. This model was verified on a case study. The result shows that it is useful for contractor in benchmarking themselves and invaluable for owners in the process of deciding contractor.     

Synthesis and Characterization of Three Pentacene Derivatives

The addition of substituents at the 6,13-position improved the solubility and stability of pentacene, making it possible to use the derivatives in spin coating of organic field-effect transistors(OFETs). Three pentacene derivatives, 6,13-bis(m-tolyl)pentacene(MP), 6,13-bis(4-butylphenyl)pentacene(BP), and 6,13-bis((4-butylphenyl)ethynyl)pentacene(BPEP) were synthesized, and their properties were investigated. 6,13-Pentacenequinone and organolithium were used in the preparation of 6,13-dihydropentacene at 0 ℃, and pentacene derivatives were synthesized with SnCl_2/HCl as reducing agent, to reduce 6,13-dihydropentacene at room temperature. The structure of the derivatives was characterized using NMR. The thermal stability, photochemical properties, and electronic structure of the three compounds were investigated using TGA, cyclic voltammetry, and UV–Vis. BPEP was also characterized using X-ray diffraction and atom force microscopy. BPEP was used to fabricate an OFET device using spin coating. The device showed a mobility of 0.07 cm~2 V s~(-1) at V_(th) =-10 V and I_(ON)/I _(OFF) = 10~2.     

Salt Lake in Chaidamu Basin

Chaidamu Basin(柴达木盆地) is in the west of China. It covers an area(地区) of 220,000 square kilometres(平方公里). The number of salt lakes(盐湖) is more than twenty in it. Chaerhan(察尔汗) Salt Lake is the largest in this area. If you get here, you will find that in the lake there is no water but a thick layer(层) of salt. You can walk in it without difficulty, and cars can come and go across it. The thickest layer of salt in this basin is about fifty metres thick. People tried their best to use the salt to build houses, shops, highways(公路) and so on. What's more, a new railway has been built in recent years over the thick layer of salt. When the farmers saw the train over there, they were full of joy. An expert said that there was more than     

Group Dynamics and Willingness to Communicate in EFL Classrooms

This study explores how group dynamics(such as group cohesiveness and group norms)influence learners’willingness to communicate(WTC)in an EFL classroom.The results from the 236 questionnaires showed that there was a significant correlation between group dynamics and WTC in an EFL classroom.A dozen students who participated in this study were interviewed for more in-depth information and the data revealed that most interviewees acknowledged the importance of the class group.The qualitative data also showed the importance of their own determination to learn in establishing their WTC.     

A qualitative investigation of trainees＇ adjustment in Japan：A case study of trainees from Indonesia

In Japan, there is a residence status known as “the trainee”. This is the status for residents who undertake “activities to learn and acquire the technology, skills, or knowledge at public or private organizations in Japan”. With the introduction of the Industrial Training Program in 1993, trainees have been permitted to extend their stay in Japan for education and employment purposes up to a maximum of three years. This study aims to investigate the adjustment styles of trainees and to consider the changes in their attitudes toward Japan in the course of this adjustment. Six male Indonesian trainees （mean age=23.83） were invited to a semi-structured interview. They were employed at the same factory, involved in the manufacture of car components, and were trainees in their first-, second-, and third-years. The interview mainly focused on the trainees＇ Japanese language skills, the changes in their images of Japan or Japanese people, the communication between them and their Japanese colleagues, and the difficulties they encountered during their stay in Japan. The results revealed that there were clear differences between the first, second, and third trainees. As the trainees＇ Japanese language skills improved, their communication with the Japanese colleagues increased. Subsequently, they developed more positive images of Japan and Japanese people and hoped to have more informal communication with Japanese people.     

凝神倾听(英文)

A Native American and his friend were in downtown(市中心)New York City, walking near Times Square in Manhattan(曼哈顿的时代广场).It was during the noon lunch hour and the streets were filled with people. Cars were honking(鸣喇叭)their horns, taxicabs(出租车)were squealing(长声尖叫)around corners,sirens(汽笛)were wailing(呼啸),and the sounds of the city were almost deafening(震耳欲聋的).SuddenIy,the Native American said,“I hear a cricket(蟋蟀).”     

University teachers＇ approaches to teaching and their pedagogical use of ICTs： A comparative case study of Finland,Japan and India

The purpose of this study was to explore what salient characteristics can be found in some university teachers＇ approaches to teaching in Finland, Japan and India, and in what ways university teachers in Finland, India and Japan use ICTs （information and communication technologies） in their own teaching. Furthermore, this study aimed to investigate what ICT applications these same teachers use in their teaching. The data were collected via an electronic survey and interviews. The participants （N=21） were university teachers from Finland （N=8）, Japan （N=I0） and India （N=3）. Their approaches to teaching were explored by applying the ATI （approaches to teaching inventory） and its modified version focusing on the use of ICTs in teaching. The study reported in this paper was a pilot study, thus the results are based on the limited number of respondents. The ATI and ATI ICT subscales and ICT inventory applied in this study have been confirmed to be valid. The university teachers in Japan and Finland differed in their approaches to teaching： The Finnish teachers scored higher on the CCSF （conceptual change orientated, student-focused） approach to teaching than the Japanese teachers, while the Japanese teachers scored higher on the ITTF （information transmitting, teacher-focused） approach to teaching. Two Indian teachers were classified as having a teacher-focused approach to teaching, while the third was classified as having a student-focused approach to teaching. The teachers＇ differences in their use of ICTs related more to their disciplinary status than to their cultural background.     

Stories About Dogs

Dogs are flesh-eating animals. From the Stone Age( 石器时代) menlived in caves( 洞穴). The dogs first became man?s friends. Soon the mentrained( 训练) the dogs to help people in the hunt to carry their burdens(担子), to guard their camps and so on.Dogs have a fine sense of smell ( 嗅觉). They can go in search ofmissing things. For example, a golden seal(图章) in a museum(博物馆)was missing some years ago, and the policemen searched for it every-where in vain(徒劳). Finally a dog found the go…