2000-2009年知识服务研究现状统计分析

为了梳理近10年知识服务的发展,对万方数据提供的海量文献数据库进行检索,从文献总体产出统计、中文期刊论文与学位论文统计、中外文会议论文数据、专利、共词分析、主题学科渗透等角度进行统计分析,得出了知识服务的研究主要集中在图书馆学、情报学研究领域,在工业技术领域、医学和卫生领域有一定的研究和应用和2006年是知识服务从研究向应用转移的结论。     

科技奖励制度改革后广东省获得国家科学技术奖励情况分析

对国家科技奖励制度改革后广东省获得国家科学技术奖项目数量、等级、获奖率和领域分布等情况进行详细数据分析,并与近年来广东省研发经费支出、基础研究投入、企业和高校研发经费支出、省级重大科技成果等方面情况进行对比分析,研究得出广东省国家科技奖励工作主要存在提名和获奖项目数量和等级不高、获奖项目奖种和领域分布不均衡、提名和获奖项目来源不广等问题.同时针对这些问题,为广东省进一步做好国家科技奖励工作,提出加强项目挖掘和培育、强化与国家科学技术奖的对接和激励服务、建立广东省科学技术奖工作后评估制度、鼓励社会力量设立科学技术奖等对策建议.     

基于鱼骨图和AHP的知识转移粘滞影响因素研究

对知识转移粘滞影响因素进行系统分析和定量研究。首先提出知识转移三阶段模型,包括发送者知识编码度、接受者知识吸收度和交互情景3个知识转移粘滞直接影响因素和社会资本网络1个间接影响因素,采用鱼骨图法确定各因素及其层次关系,然后导入层次分析模型进行一致性评价,计算各层次因素的权重并进行排序,得到排名前4位的是转移意愿、接受意愿、转移能力和吸收能力,社会资本网络的中心性排名第5位、结构洞排名第9位。 基于研究结果提出通过激励机制、市场机制等措施提高知识发送方的知识转移意愿是降低知识转移粘滞的关键,设计和优化知识接受者的激励机制非常重要,同时应注重通过多开展培训、讲座和现场指导等手段来提高双方的转移能力;此外,要充分利用知识转移双方、科技中介的社会资本网络来降低知识转移粘滞度。     

Tilted post arrays for separating long DNA

Recent simulations by Chen and Dorfman [Electrophoresis 35, 405–411 (2014)] suggested that “tilting” the electric field with respect to the lattice vectors of a hexagonal post array would lead to a substantial improvement in electrophoretic DNA separations therein. We constructed such an array where the electric field is applied at an angle equidistant between the two lattice vectors. This tilted array leads to (i) baseline resolution of 20 kbp DNA and λ DNA (48.5 kbp) in a 4 mm channel and (ii) measurable separation resolutions for electric fields up to 50 V/cm, both of which are improvements over untilted post arrays of the same post density. The predicted time required to reach a resolution of unity is approximately 5 min, independent of electric field. The separations are more reproducible at higher fields.     

A bibliometric study of reference literature in the sciences and social sciences

In earlier papers the authors focused on differences in the ageing of journal literature in science and the social sciences. It was shown that for several fields and topics bibliometric standard indicators based on journal articles need to be modified in order to provide valid results. In fields where monographs, books or reports are important means of scientific information, standard models of scientific communication are not reflected by journal literature alone. To identify fields where the role of non-serial literature is considerable or critical in terms of bibliometric standard methods, the totality of the bibliographic citations indexed in the 1993 annual cumulation of the SCI and SSCI databases, have been processed. The analysis is based on three indicators, the percentage of references to serials, the mean references age, and the mean reference rate. Applications of these measures at different levels of aggregation (i.e., to journals in selected science and social science fields) lead to the following conclusions. 1. The percentage of references to serials proved to be a sensitive measure to characterise typical differences in the communication behaviour between the sciences and the social sciences. 2. However, there is an overlap zone which includes fields like mathematics, technology oriented science, and some social science areas. 3. In certain social sciences part of the information seems even to be originated in non-scientific sources: references to non-serials do not always represent monographs, pre-prints or reports. Consequently, the model of information transfer from scientific literature to scientific (journal) literature assumed by standard bibliometrics requires substantial revision before valid results can be expected through its application to social science areas.     

政策供需偏移测评模型构建及实证——基于广度与深度扩展的政策量化研究

基于微观层面创新创业政策实施实际与预期差异分析,运用区位理论、相似性理论,拓展政策偏移深度与广度内涵,构建政策供需偏移测评机制与模型。以角度离差表征偏移广度、以相对距离表征偏移深度构建政策偏移指数,并以偏移指数与偏移环境的二维向量测度政策供需偏移度,进一步借鉴皮尔逊相关性检验思想提出政策供需偏移程度判别准则,辅以数理实证该模型满足政策供需实际偏移的相关特性。在此基础上对政策文本进行梳理与量化分析,提出包括资金、人才、研发、服务、生产制造、新产品及技术引进与扩散在内的创新创业二级政策要素体系并实证。研究指出政策供需偏移测评模型可有效进行政策要素深度量化与对比剖析,助于从顶层设计视角提升政策调节精准度。实证显示,整体上北京市各类科技企业在创新创业中的政策需求大于供给,且具有极强的技术与新产品市场政策扶持需求,尤其小微、民营、合资及外企对各要素类创新创业政策的供需差异较大,而已有资金、研发及人才类政策较好匹配各类科技企业的政策需求。综合实际,衍生发展模式、科技工业园区模式及集群式发展模式成为北京市科技企业加强新产品市场拓展、技术引进与知识扩散的可行路径;借助企业上云,共建各类资源交互平台,对于提升政策信息共享、辅导与监管水平具有深远意义。     

技术转移、新产品开发与企业绩效

本文聚焦中国情境下制造业和高新技术企业的新产品开发过程,研究合作伙伴间两种不同的技术转移方式对技术接受企业绩效的影响,并探索新产品创新性及新产品开发速度在其中扮演的中介作用。同时,引入实际吸收能力作为调节变量,从而构建了本研究理论模型。之后,运用249家企业的调研数据进行模型验证,并采用AMOS和SPSS软件进行数据分析。研究结果表明,相对于技术交流而言,技术转移对新产品开发速度及企业绩效的正向影响均更加显著。相对于技术转移而言,技术交流对新产品创新性的正向影响更加显著。新产品创新性在技术交流与企业绩效之间起中介作用。新产品开发速度在技术转移与企业绩效之间起中介作用。同时,实际吸收能力增强了新产品创新性对技术交流与企业绩效的中介效应。     

技术转移、新产品开发与企业绩效

本文聚焦中国情境下制造业和高新技术企业的新产品开发过程，研究合作伙伴间两种不同的技术转移方式对技术接受企业绩效的影响，并探索新产品创新性及新产品开发速度在其中扮演的中介作用。同时，引入实际吸收能力作为调节变量，从而构建了本研究理论模型。之后，运用249家企业的调研数据进行模型验证，并采用AMOS和SPSS软件进行数据分析。研究结果表明，相对于技术交流而言，技术转移对新产品开发速度及企业绩效的正向影响均更加显著。相对于技术转移而言，技术交流对新产品创新性的正向影响更加显著。新产品创新性在技术交流与企业绩效之间起中介作用。新产品开发速度在技术转移与企业绩效之间起中介作用。同时，实际吸收能力增强了新产品创新性对技术交流与企业绩效的中介效应。     

Technological learning and entrepreneurial behaviour: A taxonomy of the chemical industry in Venezuela

This paper presents a taxonomy of entrepreneurial behaviour vis-à-vis technology, derived from empirical research on a specific sector, that of the chemicals industry in Venezuela. The research focuses heavily on the accumulation of minor innovations through which enterprises acquire their technical knowledge and know how, their technological learning. We have tried to give a precise empirical meaning to that notion in order to understand which are the most important variables that affect the technical learning process. Both the process of technological learning and the technical external linkages — in particular with foreign firms — of Venezuelan companies seem to be the fundamental factors in understanding the development of a new competitive industry which adopts a new products-oriented strategy. But not all firms do respond to such a scheme and it is thus necessary to develop a taxonomy of the industrial sector both for scholarly reasons as well as a policy guide.     

科技创业人才及其创业企业成长环境调研与培育实践探索

通过相关文献理论梳理,在问卷调研、现场考察和座谈访谈基础上,分析科技创业人才及其创业企业的成长环境需求,特别是人才对政府促进科技创业人才及企业发展的相关政策和服务诉求,针对其成长需求和对政府服务的诉求,探索开展的科技创业人才及其创业企业培育实践经验和机制的案例研究。以四方面的培育实践工作为例,剖析培育机制是基于科技创业人才成长的环境需求和困难而设计的,又是在实践过程中通过调动各方资源共同建立和形成的,这些培育实践工作解决了科技创业人才及其创业企业成长的关键性问题,提出有效的方法措施。     

选择性反向工程与自主创新整合

在传统意义反向工程的基础上将反向工程的应用拓展到管理领域,进一步分析并提出反向工程是一种学习手段和方法,在此理论上结合当前我国科技创新体系存在的问题,提出根据不同领域、行业、企业特点和技术水平的实际情况,将正向工程与反向工程有机结合起来的选择性反向工程科技创新战略。     

企业校企联合培养成本分析与决策

高校和企业作为人才培养方和人才需求方,进行有效的校企合作可降低培养成本,实现知识的经济化。校企合作的实质是企业将人才培养成本在时间和地点上进行转移。企业参与校企合作成本的主要决定因素为人才转化率和知识专业性。考虑企业在校企合作中两阶段的成本,有必要对企业参与校企合作的最优投入成本进行量化分析。     

West German science policy since the early 1960's: trends and objectives

The trends in West German science policy since the early 1960' are analyzed and compared to other industrially advanced countries. Government expenditures on research and development (R & D) are compared in their totality and also with regard to specific objectives such as defence, civil space, civil nuclear, general advancement of science, mining and manufacturing, agriculture, economic and social services.The trend of total government expenditure on R & D in West Germany iss characterized by a growth rate higher than in many other countries, such as the USA, the UK, France, Japan and the Netherlands. Also in each of the single objectives of government R & D, West German expenditure as a rule grew faster than in these countries. Among the different objectives, “general advancement of science” is given highest priority in West Germany, whereas the military sector is relatively small. In both trends and priorities, West Germany is more similar to Japan and the Netherlands than to the USA, the UK and France.The author discusses motives and intentions which may have affected these trends. He argues that West German science policy cannot be understood as a response to immediate economic problems, such as labour shortage or an alleged lag in technological progress in West German industry. In the early sixties West German science policy was still determined by efforts to catch up in certain technological fields from which West Germany had been excluded up to 1955 by allies' restrictions. In the late sixties, concern focussed on West Germany's long-term technological competitiveness in general.     

科技服务组织类型与支撑能力组合研究

基于科技服务组织在“科技活动”与“产业活动”中的介入程度，通过多案例研究归纳了四种组织类型并总结了相对应的支撑能力组合。得出以下研究发现：一是基于科技服务组织与创新链上不同主体共生程度的差异的分类视角，把科技服务组织分为前向共生型、后向共生型、双向共生型及平台搭建型组织；二是总结了不同类型科技服务组织所需的主导和辅助支撑能力组合，其中主导支撑能力分别为“知识协同能力”、“产业共生能力”、“全面协同能力”以及“信息聚合能力”；三是在开放经济背景下，所有类型的科技服务组织都需要高度重视“国际联接能力”。     

Disseminating scientific research: a double-edged sword?

This study addresses the problem of knowledge dissemination in science–society relation, its connection with the specialization of scientific research fields and the proliferation of academic and practitioner-oriented journals. Specifically, we elaborate on the scientists’ failure to communicate successfully with practitioners and the need for establishing alternative mechanisms that help boost the flow of knowledge between academics and industry. To do so, a thorough literature review is conducted and the author guidelines of the most prominent journals that appeal to both academics and practitioners are reviewed. Based on the analysis, the article offers suggestions on how to narrow the science–industry knowledge gap and how to find a way of not only delivering science to practitioners, but also making science benefit society. Progress is necessary to move towards a better academic–practitioner dialogue and thereby advance both science and practice.     

基于隐性知识吸收的企业技术能力演化模型研究

技术能力是企业竞争优势的重要来源,是企业在持续的技术学习中选择、获取、消化吸收、改进和创造技术并使之与其他资源相整合,从而产生产品和服务的累积性知识。技术能力的演化受制于企业的技术学习,而技术学习的有效性又是由企业的隐性知识吸收能力决定的,因此,本文构建了一个基于隐性知识吸收的企业技术能力演化模型。     

Sustainable development of science and scientists: Academic training in life science labs

Academic training, where senior scientists transfer their knowledge and skills to junior scientists through apprenticeship, plays a crucial role in the development of scientists. This study focuses on two aspects of academic training, autonomy and exploration, to investigate how different modes of training are incentivized and how they affect junior scientists’ performance and career prospects. Drawing on a sample of 162 supervising professors and their 791 PhD students in life science labs in Japanese universities, this study suggests two fundamental conflicts in academic training. First, autonomy granted to PhD students under apprenticeship improves their long-term performance but decreases short-term performance. Because the latter effect costs supervisors, while the former does not benefit them in general, this inter-temporal tradeoff creates an incentive conflict between supervisors and students, inducing non-autonomous training. The short-term cost for supervisors can be compensated in the form of labor input or reputation gain from previous students in the long term, but this typically happens when students are trained with limited scope of exploration, which hinders the originality of students’ knowledge production. This reduces the diversity of knowledge production, presenting another incentive conflict between individual scientists and the collective scientific community.     

校企专利技术转移网络的结构特征及演化研究——以“双一流建设”高校为例北大核心CSCDCSSCI

本文利用incoPat专利信息平台检索42所"双一流建设"高校与企业间专利转让数据,采用社会网络分析方法,构建校企专利技术转移网络,探究整体和个体网络结构特征、热门技术领域及动态演化情况。研究发现:(1)校企专利技术转让关系主要呈现"一对一"的形式,网络逐渐由"一枝独秀"向"遍地开花"的格局演变。(2)综合类和理工类高校表现突出,大部分高校技术转移能力亟需提升;重要能源型企业和战略性新兴技术企业的技术受让广度和深度较高,大部分企业从"双一流建设"高校获取专利技术数量有待提高。(3)G01N(借助于测定材料的化学或物理性质来测试或分析材料)、H01L(半导体器件)、A61K(医用、牙科用或梳妆用的配制品)、G06F(电数字数据处理)和H04L(数字信息的传输)一直是校企专利技术转移中的热门技术领域,理工类重点高校技术转移涉及技术领域较为广泛。最后,从政府、高校以及企业三个层面提出我国校企专利技术转移的对策建议。     

企业知识转移生态学模型

高效知识转移已经成为企业建立竞争优势的关键因素之一。文章基于生态学的视角,提出了企业知识具有散落分布性、嵌入依附性、动态继承性和增量积累性等四方面生态学特征。在此基础上,构建了企业知识转移生态学模型,在该模型中,知识个体、知识种群与知识群落间知识的相互联系构成了企业知识链与知识网。其中,个体知识转移强调员工自身知识的迁移与完善,种群知识转移侧重团队知识的整合与创造,而群落知识转移则关注企业知识应用的整体效率。此外,研究还发现,企业生态系统中的知识在转移过程中还呈现出一些超生态学特征。最后,文章结合思科公司知识转移的案例,提出了促进企业知识生态系统知识转移效率的启示与建议。