“Nobody Told Me They Didn’t Speak English!”: Teacher Language Views and Student Linguistic Repertoires in Hutterite Colony Schools in Canada

This article presents a qualitative study of five monolingual teachers’ understandings of the linguistic repertoires of their multilingual students. These teachers deliver the Saskatchewan provincial curricula in English to Hutterite colony students who are users of three languages: (a) spoken Hutterisch as a home and community language, (b) written High German as a language for religious worship, and (c) spoken and written English for school and for communication outside the colony. Findings from this study demonstrate that the teachers report having had limited or inaccurate understandings of their students’ linguistic repertoires prior to beginning their teaching positions. Secondly, the teacher participants’ awareness of the students’ language resources was, and is, an ongoing process. Finally, the willingness and ability to cultivate hybrid language use of Hutterisch and English varies from teacher to teacher. The article concludes with discussion of considerations for teacher education and in-service teachers working in Hutterite communities.     

浅析交际法在二外日语会话能力教学中的应用

交际法又称“意念法、功能法”。交际法的教学目的是培养学生的交际能力,使学生能够在不同的交际场合中运用所学语言与不同的对象进行有效的、得体的交际。二外日语作为一门语言,是为了能让学习者掌握语言规则、正确运用语言,应充分重视应用会话能力。     

对外汉语教学策略探究——以越南留学生为例

随着中国和越南在经济、文化领域合作的加强,来中国学习汉语的越南留学生也不断地增加,针对越南留学生的汉语教学研究也具有了重要的意义。文章以语言学理论和对外汉语教学理论为理论支撑,以160名越南留学生为调查对象,通过调查研究的方式,从汉语的学习主体———越南留学生本身的特点(学生对汉语语言的态度、学习动机、学习目的、学习策略等)来对越南留学生的学习特点及针对越南留学生的教学策略进行研究。     

English-Plus Multilingualism as the New Linguistic Capital? Implications of University Students’ Attitudes Towards Languages of Instruction in a Multilingual Environment

This article investigates university students’ attitudes and perceptions about language in a multilingual country where most instruction is in English and annual national literacy results have been declining for at least 15 years. Despite this decline, English seems to be entrenched as the language of instruction, and at university it seems a foregone conclusion that instruction will occur in English. Bourdieu’s concept of linguistic capital is offered as an explanation for the preponderance of English, but the question is posed: Is the dominance of English as simple as desiring linguistic capital? Do students really regard English as critical to success, and if so, is it to the exclusion of their home languages? The results show that students invest considerable effort in learning English, but not to the exclusion of their home language and with little desire to assimilate with the English culture. The results also provide interesting and sometimes contrasting insights into students’ desired language of instruction.     

以读者为中心的外语写作教学模式

外语教学中的准确性是传统写作教学的重点,而教师为达到真正的写作目的,又不能忽视写作的交流功能。教师指导初、中级学生作者从读者角度,而非语言角度参与到真实的写作交流中。教师可通过体裁教学对学生进行写作思维的培养,利用多媒体教学活动和多元组合对学生的写作能力进行恰当评估,使二语写作能寓教于乐。     

非英语专业少数民族大学生英语习得策略比较

文章对812名非英语专业少数民族学生（本科生270人和专科生542人）进行了学习策略实证性研究。目的是为了了解学生在使用学习策略方面的具体情况,以便为今后的教学提供建设性建议。     

Language specialists’ views on the academic language and learning abilities of English as an additional language postgraduate coursework students: towards an adjunct tutorial model

As in other Anglophone nations, a large percentage of Australia’s postgraduate international students come from English as an additional language (EAL) backgrounds, and many require development of their academic language and learning (ALL) capabilities to successfully navigate a higher degree. This paper investigates those capabilities through the eyes of experienced ALL practitioners (n?=?42), whose views on the issue were sourced via an online survey. The paper further explains how the findings were used to implement a trial of an ALL enhancement strategy at one university in the form of adjunct tutorials within selected coursework masters programmes. Both the research and the pedagogical model depart from monolithic conceptualizations of international students by identifying the issues of vertical transition peculiar to EAL postgraduate coursework students, a task that is addressed through the tripartite perspective of the personal, the linguistic and the academic. Findings suggest that, while EAL postgraduates have previous study experience, motivation and maturity, they benefit from opportunities to address disjunctures between the knowledge base they bring to higher study and the expectations of that knowledge base held by universities. Successful transition is also facilitated by explicit (re)orientation to the academic norms of the host institution and nation. Academic writing was noted as a particular area requiring attention, along with the related matters of research skills, information literacy, academic integrity, independent learning, and time management.     

越南人学习汉语的中介语表现

文章根据Selinker所提出中介语运作的5个程序,描写越南人学习汉语的中介语表现。具体分析了越南学习者由于母语负迁移、对汉语规则的过度概括化、语言训练的转移等因素所生成的语法偏误。通过分析学习者的汉语学习策略和汉语交际策略发现汉越词能帮助越南学习者产生正迁移的同时也会造成负迁移。文章还通过个案分析证明了Selinker所提出的二语学习策略和二语交际策略的不同类型确实一直被学习者所使用。     

Bildungssprachförderlicher Unterricht in mehrsprachigen Lernkonstellationen

As large-scale international school evaluation studies of the past decade show, there is a correlation between the academic success and the command of the language used in the classroom. The heterogeneity of linguistic experience, knowledge, ability, and interest in the mainstream classroom therefore requires special attention in the development of academic language and discourse, and presuppose explicit teaching and learning strategies. This contribution discusses “academic language” in its several dimensions and its impact on education research and practice. A strategy for arranging classroom activities is presented, based on socio-cultural theory, which enhances verbal interaction and teacher-guided talk, and integrates academic language and content learning through joint construction. It thus aims to give all students in multilingual settings access to academic language. Analyzing an example of classroom interaction in a German primary school, the paper reflects on the potentials of this strategy in multilingual classroom settings and urges for further systematic empirical research in this field.     

Ecologies of Heritage Language Learning in a Multilingual Swedish School

The field of heritage language (HL) education is a rapidly growing area of educational linguistics research and pedagogy. While considerable research has looked at identity in relation to HL learning in adolescents and adults, this article focuses on the identities and language attitudes of young HL learners of Arabic and Somali at an elementary school in Sweden. Analyzed through an ecology of language framework, data reveal that students regard HL as a tool to foster belonging within their multilingual communities, and resist pressures to assimilate within the context of immigration. Findings also suggest that learners’ agency and language use influenced classroom pedagogies, and indicate the promise of a dynamic conception of HL education that affirms the creative use of language to support students’ linguistic and cognitive growth. This article fills a gap in theory and pedagogy, addressing the role of HL learning for the learner, the family, and the local and global community.     

英语口语教学的情景设置

根据GillianBrown&GeorgeYule的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张焦虑感的研究表明:口语情景设置的不适当会影响学生用目标语进行交流。进行使学生容易开口的情景教学,遵循口语教学情景设置,有效使用一定的原则以及口语教学的评估手段,能够使学生掌握如何运用和应对不同的言语行为,懂得在不同的交际场合下采用得体的言语行为。     

字本位理论与新疆少数民族汉语教学

文章针对新疆少数民族汉语教学中存在的一些问题,立足字本位理论,在语音、汉字、词汇、语法等各个层次作了探讨,认为在新疆的少数民族汉语教学中利用＂字本位＂这一凸显汉语特点的理论,会方便少数民族学生认识、记忆、掌握汉语,更好地促进新疆的少数民族汉语教学。     

网络环境下依托项目语言教学模式及其构建

依托项目语言教学通过学生参与并完成项目来提高学生的英语综合应用能力。研究采用了准实验研究方法、演绎法和归纳法。在建构主义理论、创造力投资理论、人本主义理论的支持下构建了网络环境下的依托项目语言教学模式。英语教师应充分利用多媒体环境下的网络资源,切实改革大学英语教学模式。     

Lost in diglossia? (Un-)doing difference by dealing with language variations in Swiss kindergartens

ABSTRACT

Language policy in German-speaking Swiss kindergartens recently has been subject to change. While dialect traditionally was spoken to kindergartners, the use of High German has been established to promote the integration of migrant children and equality of opportunity. In this contribution, we look at how kindergarten teachers translate the new diglossic language policy into language practices. Drawing on data from an ongoing ethnographic study, we examine four logics of language use concerning when to speak dialect or High German. As teachers’ use of language differs not only according to situations and pedagogical sequences but also due to children’s social and migrant backgrounds, we ask – drawing on the theoretical concept of (un-)doing difference – how different linguistic addressing reflects (and affects) children’s positions in the social order.     

The use of modern standard and spoken Arabic in mathematics lessons: the case of a diglossic language / El uso del árabe estándar moderno y del árabe hablado en las clases de matemáticas: el caso de una lengua diglósica

Abstract

Researchers have shown an increased interest in the way teachers use their knowledge about language (KAL) to enhance student understanding and learning. This qualitative case study investigated first- and second-grade teachers’ use of KAL in Arabic. We investigated the linguistic transitions from standard Arabic to spoken Arabic made by the teachers during mathematics lessons. The results suggested that Arab-speaking mathematics teachers were aware of the gap between home language (Spoken Arabic) and school language (Modern Standard Arabic) and used linguistic transition as a teaching strategy to develop academic thinking and behaviour among their students. The results suggested that Arab teachers built a non-formal bilingual education programme where the two languages were used to teach mathematics. Despite the requirement to use Modern Standard Arabic, participants bridged the gap between the languages, which suggests an inherent understanding that ‘language and identity are ultimately inseparable’.     

任务型教学在小学英语教学中的应用

任务型语言教学途径从学生的兴趣点出发,强调在“做中学”,让学生在完成任务的过程中习得语言,解决了英语教学中重视语言知识和语法知识忽视学生情感态度和综合运用语言能力的问题,是一种值得提倡并付诸实践的有效教学途径。     

母语在大学英语课堂教学中的使用

通过对大学英语教师的访谈和对学生的问卷调查发现：在大学英语课堂,教师和学生使用汉语是客观存在的现象。母语在大学英语课堂教学中的使用有被动改变和主动选择两种情况。尽管师生在使用汉语的量和具体场合上有所区别,但双方都认为合理使用母语能够在一定程度上增强课堂教学效果,促进英语教学。     

任务型语言教学在商务英语教学中的应用

商务英语教学目标是培养学生在商务场景中运用语言进行交际的能力。任务型语言教学提倡“做中学”,强调在交流与合作中提高学生的语言能力。因此,任务型语言教学的应用,有助于实现商务英语的教学目标。本文根据对任务型语言教学的认识,以实例阐述了任务型语言教学在商务英语教学中的应用。     

Troubling literacy: monolingual assumptions,multilingual contexts,and language teacher expertise

The current educational context in many English speaking countries is one where literacy is understood to be essentially monolingual in orientation; that is, an understanding of literacy around a single common language, with the emphasis on identifying universal, normative ‘standards’ and ‘benchmarks’, such as the National Assessment Program-Literacy and Numeracy in Australia, the Primary National Strategy in the United Kingdom, and No Child Left Behind in the United States. This paper aims to problematise such assumptions by examining how teachers, themselves, understand “teaching literacy” when their students come to the teaching/learning relationship with a first language other than English. With a focus on teachers working with bilingual and multilingual students in their early stages of acquiring English as a second language (ESL), the study thus acknowledges the increasingly diverse sociolinguistic profile of students in Australia and elsewhere in the varying degrees of communicative competence they bring to the mainstream in their use of ESL. Moreover, it draws on ESL teacher knowledge and expertise which has been identified as increasingly marginalised within mainstream educational discourse. Through case studies of three ESL teachers in the middle years, salient themes around the interrelated notions of literacy as learning, language for literacy and language as literacy were identified with respect to the literacy needs of second language learners.