俄语专业翻译教学活动主客体：问题与对策

我国俄语专业翻译教学存在一系列问题。其中,多数问题集中体现在翻译教学活动主客体身上。本文借助当代翻译理论研究成果,结合问卷调查的统计分析,指出翻译教学活动主客体存在的问题,并提出相应的对策。     

Inquiring into the Nature of STEM Problems

Around the world, there is a growing interest in integrated STEM (science, technology, engineering, mathematics) education. Many of the calls for integrated STEM emphasize the need for students to engage with complex STEM problems that cut across multiple fields. Yet there is a need to clarify the nature of those problems and differentiate STEM problems from those of different kinds. This conceptual work examines the nature of STEM problems in order to inform pre-college educational efforts in STEM. A typology is introduced that situates STEM problems within a broader space of problems within STEM and non-STEM fields, and the characteristics of STEM problems are described. The typology and characteristics are then applied to different approaches to STEM instruction. A key conclusion is that many integrated STEM education efforts tend to focus on STEM problems that are narrowly framed and that do not include attention to social, cultural, political, or ethical dimensions. However, alternative instructional approaches exist that re-introduce those missing dimensions. If STEM education is to prepare students to grapple with complex problems in the real world, then more attention ought to be given to approaches that are inclusive of the non-STEM dimensions that exist in those problems.

     

Friendship similarities in internalizing problems in early childhood

A key factor identified in friendship formation and stability is similarity. Homophily of externalizing problems has been reported frequently, but less attention has been directed at homophily of internalizing problems. Whether young children who are friends resemble each other in their internalizing problems is thus largely unknown. In order to increase understanding of the social risk factors implicated in the etiology of internalizing problems, it is important to establish whether internalizing problems cluster in friendships. The present study examines homophily of internalizing problems while controlling for externalizing problems in a sample of children aged 4–8.     

Teaching algorithmic problem solving or conceptual understanding: Role of developmental level,mental capacity,and cognitive style

It has been shown previously that many students solve chemistry problems using only algorithmic strategies and do not understand the chemical concepts on which the problems are based. It is plausible to suggest that if the information is presented in differing formats, the cognitive demand of a problem changes. The main objective of this study is to investigate the degree to which cognitive variables, such as developmental level, mental capacity, and disembedding ability explain student performance on problems which: (1) could be addressed by algorithms or (2) require conceptual understanding. All conceptual problems used in this study were based on a figurative format. The results obtained show that in all four problems requiring algorithmic strategies, developmental level of the students is the best predictor of success. This could be attributed to the fact that these are basically computational problems, requiring mathematical transformations. Although all three problems requiring conceptual understanding had an important aspect in common (the figurative format), in all three the best predictor of success is a different cognitive variable. It was concluded that: (1) the ability to solve computational problems (based on algorithms) is not the major factor in predicting success in solving problems that require conceptual understanding; (2) solving problems based on algorithmic strategies requires formal operational reasoning to a certain degree; and (3) student difficulty in solving problems that require conceptual understanding could be attributed to different cognitive variables.     

用动态规划解决一类最值问题

决策论中有一类人力资源分配问题,解决这类问题通用的方法是线性规划法.经过研究发现,这类问题具有阶段性、顺序性和可分离性.对该问题进行转化,给出了解决这类问题的动态规划算法.这类方法动态地揭示了决策者在优化人力资源方面的全过程,弥补了线性规划在处理这类问题中的不足(不能细化决策的全过程).     

如何实现农村剩余劳动力合理转移

“三农”问题是我国当前面临的重要经济和社会问题。由于它的核心是农民如何增加收入的问提,所以实现农村剩余劳动力向非农产业合理转移是解决这一问题的关键。     

“问题式”文学作品阅读教学设计浅论

“问题式”文学作品阅读教学设计是指通过提出文学作品中值得探讨的问题,进而设计解决这些问题的方法、试行解决这些问题、评价试行的结果并在评价基础上改进设计的一个系统过程。要利用“问题”来组织文学作品阅读教学,首先就是要设计文学作品阅读教学的目标或者说提出要解决的问题。将提的问题分成事实性问题、经验性问题、评价性问题和创造性问题四类,并给出了提这四类问题（特别是前三类）的层次和角度。问题解决就是在面对问题情境而没有现成的方法可以利用时,指向于将已知情境转化为目标情境的认知过程。现代认知心理学把问题解决过程分解为问题的表征、设计解题计划、执行计划和监控四个过程。文中对四类问题的袁征和解决提出了一些思路和建议。     

Improvement of (didactical) assessment by improvement of problems: An attempt with respect to percentage

In recent attempts to reform assessment much attention is devoted to the formats of assessment and organizational aspects. Without good problems, however, it is impossible to improve assessment. This article focuses on the role of problems in the development of better assessment. An example of an attempt is given with respect to some key concepts and abilities on percentage. A series of problems for assessing these has been developed inspired by the ideas of Realistic Mathematics Education. The guiding principles were that problems should be meaningful and informative. The problems, which are rather different from the traditional kind have been tried out in two American grade 7 classes. The problems reveal a lot about the different levels of understanding of students. As such they can facilitate instructional decision making. Nevertheless it is clear that this is not the final stage of the search for better assessment problems. As a start to further developmental research, some recommendations will be given for the improvement of the problems.This article is a revised version of a paper presented at PME XVII in Japan (Van den Heuvel-Panhuizen, 1993b).     

教育研究的中国立场

任何研究总是从研究者自身所发现的问题出发,来寻求应对问题的路径,而研究者自身对问题的发现总是会从自身背景出发,尽可能地去把握普遍性的问题。当代中国教育学术研究需要有走向世界的胸襟,同时需要踏踏实实地回到中国的教育问题,凸显我们作为中国教育研究者的中国意识,进而从特殊性走向普遍性,彰显教育研究的中国智慧。从我们自身遭遇的问题出发,从中国的教育问题实际出发,深深地扎根于中国问题本身,展开我们对人类普遍教育问题的探究,就是朝向世界性的基本方式。     

我国农村留守儿童存在的问题及对策

在我国存在着这样一个弱势群体——农村留守儿童。农村留守儿童问题已成为亟待解决的社会问题。通过对农村留守儿童存在的背景、现状分析,研究解决农村留守儿童问题,具有非常重要的现实意义。农村留守儿童存在心理问题、品行问题、安全问题、学习问题和生活问题等诸多问题。这些问题产生的原因包括社会因素、政府因素、家庭因素和学校因素等,从家庭、学校、政府、社会4个层面提出解决农村留守儿童问题的对策和建议,以期对农村留守儿童问题的解决提供有价值的参考。     

数学名题作为研究性学习的案例研究

数学名题在数学史融入中学数学教育中扮演着十分重要的角色,如何发挥数学名题的教育价值是中学数学教育面临的重要问题之一。数学名题案例研究是数学名题作为研究性学习的有效方法,应遵循经典性、趣味性和知识性三条原则。     

拟单调变分不等式组的强制性条件

引进了拟单调变分不等式组问题,把变分不等式问题推广到了变分不等式组问题,讨论了该拟单调变分不等式组具有非空无界解的强制性条件,建立强制性条件与变分不等式组问题解集的关系．     

解题过程的哲学规律探究

解题是巩固和运用知识的重要手段,又是发展学生智力、培养学生能力的有效途径。数学教学的主要目的是培养学生分析问题和解决问题的能力,这些能力的培养要有扎实的数学知识、灵活的方法和成功的解题经验,解题是否能顺利进行,还取决于解题过程是否遵循哲学规律。因此,正确的思想方法和能否遵循哲学规律也是影响解题成败的重要因素之一。     

问题管理模式在建筑施工安全工作中的运用

问题管理模式是以解决问题为导向,以挖掘问题、表达问题、归结问题、处理问题为切入点的管理理论和管理方法。问题管理运用在建筑施工生产安全工作中有三方面作用:防患于未然,防止问题演化为危机;发现和解决关键问题,过滤假问题,解决真问题;跨专业、跨部门分析和解决问题,打通专业管理或部门之间的鸿沟。问题管理模式在建筑安全施工中运用的基本模式为:寻找发现问题,分析研究问题,制定措施解决问题,总结监控问题。当然要达到安全施工生产还必须建立问题管理的观念保障、技术保障和组织保障等一系列的保障机制。     

MIXED H_2/l_1 OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS FOR SISO DISCRETE TIME CONTROL SYSTEMS

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广义似变分不等式系统的逼近问题及其算法

考虑广义似变分不等式系统(简写为SGVLIP)的数值解,首先提出和SGVLIP相关的逼近问题,并证明了逼近问题解的存在性。基于这些逼近问题,构造了求解SGVLIP的算法,证明了SGVLIP解的存在唯一性以及算法的收敛性。     

Was baben Denksportaufgaben mit der Ingenieurausbildung zu tun?

The report describes a course on problem-solving skills for engineering students. The course is structured by an algorithm to solve engineering problems analytically. This algorithm is introduced and developed on the basis of a series of well-structured problems and puzzles. The strategies are then applied to professional problems of engineering. Finally, an action plan is derived from the algorithm described which can be applied to problems set in engineering examinations.     

On the nature of problems in action learning

The article aims to explore the nature of problems in action learning. Beginning with Revans' distinction between problems and puzzles, it draws parallels with the notion of wicked and tame problems. It offers four means of considering problems in action learning – in terms of the locus of a set's work; from the viewpoint of an organisation using action learning; in terms of the different ways in which learning is used and as distinguishing between technical and practical knowledge. It addresses the question of whether action learning is suited for wicked problems only. The challenge to action learning provided by appreciative inquiry is examined and a range of conclusions is offered.     

Context Problems in Realistic Mathematics Education: A Calculus Course as an Example

This article discusses the role of context problems, as they are used in the Dutch approach that is known as realistic mathematics education (RME). In RME, context problems are intended for supporting a reinvention process that enables students to come to grips with formal mathematics. This approach is primarily described from an instructional-design perspective. The instructional designer tries to construe a route by which the conventional mathematics can be reinvented. Such a reinvention route will be paved with context problems that offer the students opportunities for progressive mathematizing. Context problems are defined as problems of which the problem situation is experientially real to the student. An RME design for a calculus course is taken as an example, to illustrate that the theory based on the design heuristic using context problems and modeling, which was developed for primary school mathematics, also fits an advanced topic such as calculus. Special attention is given to the RME heuristic that refer to the role models can play in a shift from a model of situated activity to a model for mathematical reasoning. In light of this model-of/model-for shift, it is argued that discrete functions and their graphs play a key role as an intermediary between the context problems that have to be solved and the formal calculus that is developed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.