南北朝佛教士大夫居士阶层兴起之初探

南北朝是中国居士佛教发展的重要时期,其直接表现就是居士佛教之中坚势力士大夫居士阶层的兴起,其兴起与以下三端相关：一是汉末以降的社会政治环境;二是印度佛教对中国知识阶层的渗透;三是汉末以降宗教政策的变化。     

居士佛教与现代教育

从十九世纪末至二十世纪上半叶,以杨文会、欧阳渐为代表的在家佛教徒将现代教育的知识取向、学校制度和价值观念引入佛教,重新定义了佛教传承的内容、形式和主体,改变了中国佛教中神圣、知识与权力的结合方式。他们不仅有意识地为居士争取全权的宗教地位,而且形成了机制独立、师承有序的信念团体。这一运动的兴起标志着具有真正独立于僧伽佛教的自主性的中国现代居士佛教的诞生。     

述论中国佛教的居士戒律学

众多的居士是中国佛教的基础,以居士身份学习研究的律学,且称为居士戒律学。虽然小乘律学一般被视为教内秘学,但在“方便”的前提下,这条禁令对中国士大夫而言,形同虚设,熟悉戒律,甚至以律学见长的居士,历代都有。士大夫们对戒律的钻研,及由此形成的思想见解,也是中国戒律学的一个重要方面。居士律学的发展,说明佛教毕竟是社会中的宗教,佛教内部的戒律必然会跟其外部社会的各种约束规范千丝万缕地交织在一起,相互影响并促使着对方的演变。     

居士佛教的近代转型及其社会学意义——以民国上海居士佛教为例

居士佛教是近代中国佛教复兴运动的发起者与主力军。相对于传统居士佛教,近代居士佛教在其核心成员构成、组织结构以及社会功能等方面均已产生了明显的转型。就近代居士佛教的核心群体来看,大量的新兴工商业者与新型知识分子对佛教产生兴趣,他们分别以居士、学者、思想家,甚至革命家的身份进行佛学研究与佛教信仰实践,并将佛教带向现实社会生活之中。就组织形态与社会功能来看,近代居士佛教已经摆脱了依赖寺院并由僧人主导的传统组织形态,开始建立起独立于僧团之外的自身组织形式,并开始参与讲经说法、皈戒修持、研究传播,以及广泛地开展各种形态的社会慈善事业。因此,抛开单纯的观念史与佛学义理研读,从社会学视域中去审视近代居士佛教的组织形态、核心成员结构及其社会功能之变,不仅有助于我们考察近代居士佛教发展的全貌,亦可藉此透视近代居士佛教转型背后的深层社会背景,并由此加深理解近代佛学思想的"形上义理"与"形下社会实态"之间的交互影响。     

启于杨而成于赵：近代以来中国佛教的复兴

佛法久住,离不开居士的护法。近代以来中国佛教的复兴,居士发挥了重要而关键的作用。出生在皖江流域的杨文会与赵朴初,凭借着他们强大的愿与力,前者开启了近代中国佛教的复兴,被誉为中国佛教复兴之父,后者则抓住改革开放的大好时机,领导佛教界实现着中国佛教复兴之梦。可以说,近代以来的中国佛教,启于杨而成于赵。     

论20世纪中国佛学对科学主义思潮的回应

科学主义是２０世纪中国的主要思潮之一,深深地影响着中国的第一个角落,佛学研究自然也不能例外。２０世纪的中国佛学研究主要由经世派、学院派、寺僧派和居士派组成,中国近现代佛学研究中注重科学理性的特质,以及研究者对佛学本身理性特征的 说明,这为当代乃至今后中国佛教的入世转向奠定了扎实的基础,当代的人间佛教就体现着比较明显的理性化与生活化的特色。     

北魏平城时期佛教复兴原因初探

北魏平城时期佛教的复兴与北魏士大夫居士关系极为密切，在宗教信仰上他们与帝王找到了一个新的结合点，形成以皇室为中心，以士大夫为群体的居士团体；他们是平城时期佛教复兴的赞助人，幕后人。     

古代“居士”知多少

中国古代把有学问的隐士称为居士,转而为佛教所用,意为居家修行之士,即不出家的佛门信徒。对在家的佛教信徒尊称为居士,含有尊为大菩萨的意味。     

居士知多少

一、居士的源流
　　居士：梵文 Grha-pati，意为家长、家主、长者、或有财产、或‘居家之士’。原指印度第三商工阶级毗舍族 Vaisya 的富翁或德高望重的有道之士而言。但在今天中国佛教社会，已普称一切信佛教的在家佛教徒为居士了。     

论元杂剧《宠居士误放来生债》题材来源及其价值

《庞居士误放来生债》是元杂剧中以佛教居士为主人公，赞美疏财仗仗义、扶困济贫，批判金钱罪恶、世风衰微的典型作品，堪称元曲中这《钱神论》。明清亦有多种以庞居士故事为题材的杂剧和传奇，但学们很少注意到它。对剧中题材之来源及其价值情况作一些探讨，有助于深入了解中国古代戏曲的发展脉络。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.