辩正唯物主义在生物教学中的应用

生物科学和哲学之间既有联系又有区别,哲学是对世界总的根本看法。在生物教学中注意贯穿辩证唯物主义观点,使学生形成科学的世界观和方法论。     

“发育生物学”教学内容与方法的改革和创新

“发育生物学”是中国地质大学（武汉）生物学专业的主干课程,在生物学专业课程体系中具有重要作用。笔者对教学内容和教学方法进行了改革创新。在教学内容上把以各器官的发育教学改为以各种模式生物为主题的教学。利用现代生物技术,教授动物的遗传本质和遗传规律、细胞增殖与调控,皮肤干细胞、器官移植、癌基因机理、探讨动植物性细胞的分离和胚胎发育过程中的发育及调控机理等等。     

熵理论在大学英语教学中的应用

熵是物理学中的一个重要概念,熵理论不仅用于自然科学方面如：物理学、化学、生物学等,还用于社会科学方面如历史、哲学、教育、经济学。本文从熵的概念入手,从信息熵、负熵的角度探讨了熵理论在大学英语教学中的应用,试为大学英语教学注入新的观念和动力。     

PBL教学法促进生物课堂教学有效性的思考

在全面推行素质教育的今天,如何提高生物课堂的教学有效性是一个重要课题。生物科学本身就是一门实验科学,对学生实际解决问题能力的培养是素质教育的核心。PBL教学法是以问题为基础的学习,是一种以学生发展为主,实现全人发展的新型教学模式,已被生物学科教育领域广泛接受和研究。本文就PBL教学法促进生物课堂有效性方面做出几点思考。     

Teaching the Nature of Science from a Philosophical Perspective

This paper draws attention to basic philosophical perspectives which are of theoretical and methodological interest for science education, general education and curriculum research. It focuses on potential contributions philosophy class can offer if philosophy education opens up for science and for a collaboration of teachers in the context of post-compulsory education. A central educational goal is to connect basic philosophical skills with any curricular intellectual practice. This implies the possibility of crossing disciplinary boundaries. Hence, the present paper questions the disciplinary rigidity of education and aims at bridging the artificial gap between teaching philosophy and teaching science in order to enrich the individual school subjects involved. Towards this end, this article sketches out a conceptual framework for the issue of interdisciplinarity with regard to philosophy and science in upper secondary school. This framework takes into account aspects of the nature of science (NOS), history and philosophy of science (HPS) and the critical thinking approach which have significant implications for teaching. It aims to facilitate a basic understanding of the significant positive impact philosophy could have on improving scientific literacy as well as decision-making in general. I set forth methods of cross-curricular teaching which can promote innovation in education as interdisciplinarity already does in research since there is growing appreciation of collaboration and partnership between philosophy and science.

     

The “Species” Concept as a Gateway to Nature of Science

The nature of science (NOS) is a primary goal in school science. Most teachers are not well-prepared for teaching NOS, but a sophisticated and in-depth understanding of NOS is necessary for effective teaching. Some authors emphasize the need for teaching NOS in context. Species, a central concept in biology, is proposed in this article as a concrete example of a means for achieving increased understanding of NOS. Although species are commonly presented in textbooks as fixed entities with a single definition, the concept of species is a highly discussed one in the science and the philosophy of biology. A multitude of species concepts exist, reflecting both the views and interests of researchers and their utility in different organism groups. The present study serves to address the following questions: How do textbooks in Norwegian primary and lower secondary schools present the concept of species? Can inquiries into the concept of “species” serve to highlight aspects of NOS? A review of the available literature on species and species concepts in school is also performed. In the schoolbooks, the biological species concept is commonly used as the main definition, whereas the morphological species concept is represented by additional remarks of similarity. The potential and pitfalls of using the species concept for teaching NOS are discussed, with NOS being discussed both as a family resemblance concept and as a consensus list. Teacher education is proposed as a starting point for inducing a more sophisticated view of biology into schools.     

生物科学专业创新型人才培养方案探讨

加强对生物科学专业实践教学的改革,是高等院校提高教学质量、完善质量保障体系的需要.本文以商丘师范学院生物科学实验班教学改革为例,从教与学两方面入手,探讨了构建多层面、多角度、多主体的实践教学改革体系的一些经验.     

Interdisciplinary Lessons for the Teaching of Biology from the Practice of Evo-Devo

Evolutionary developmental biology (Evo-devo) is a vibrant area of contemporary life science that should be (and is) increasingly incorporated into teaching curricula. Although the inclusion of this content is important for biological pedagogy at multiple levels of instruction, there are also philosophical lessons that can be drawn from the scientific practices found in Evo-devo. One feature of particular significance is the interdisciplinary nature of Evo-devo investigations and their resulting explanations. Instead of a single disciplinary approach being the most explanatory or fundamental, different methodologies from biological disciplines must be synthesized to generate empirically adequate explanations. Thus, Evo-devo points toward a non-reductionist epistemology in biology. I review three areas where these synthetic efforts become manifest as a result of Evo-devo’s practices (form versus function reasoning styles; problem-structured investigations; idealizations related to studying model organisms), and then sketch some possible applications to teaching biology. These philosophical considerations provide resources for life science educators to address (and challenge) key aspects of the National Science Education Standards and Benchmarks for Scientific Literacy.     

试论教学中的平衡与失衡

平衡与失衡是自然科学中的一对重要概念,也是一对古老的哲学范畴。平衡与失衡是事物矛盾运动中的两种不同的状态,自然界各种不同的事物或不同的物质系统都存在着平衡和失衡状态,都经历着从失衡到平衡再到新的失衡的周期发展过程,教学中亦如此。本文试从教学主客体、教学目标、教学方式三个方面阐述教学中的平衡与失衡现象,并根据平衡与失衡之间的辩证关系讨论如何处理教学中的平衡与失衡现象。     

Evolution and the nature of science: On the historical discord and its implications for education

Research in the teaching and learning of evolutionary biology has revealed persistent difficulties in student understanding of fundamental Darwinian concepts. These difficulties may be traced, in part, to science instruction that is based on philosophical conceptions of science that are no longer viewed as adequately characterizing the diverse nature of scientific practice, especially in evolutionary biology. This mismatch between evolution as practiced and the nature of science as perceived by researchers and educators has a long history extending back to the publication of Darwin's theory of natural selection. An examination of how this theory was received by the scientific community of the time may provide insight into some of the difficulties that students have today in learning these important biological concepts. The primary difficulties center around issues of metaphysics and scientific method, aspects of the nature of science too often ignored in science education. Our intent is not to offer a specific course of action to remedy the problems educators currently face, but rather to suggest an alternative path one might take to eventually reach a solution. That path, we argue, should include the use of broader models of science that incorporate these elements of scientific practice to structure teaching and education research in evolution. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 35: 1069–1089, 1998     

组合数学中链与反链的教学探索及实践

组合数学作为计算机科学的基础课程,在计算机领域有着重要地位。为了改进数学学科传统的定义、定理、证明的教学模式,以组合数学中链与反链的知识点为例,探索如何将数学类课程讲解得更加通俗易懂,并发掘数学与计算机学科的结合点,提升数学类课程的应用性。首先,用矩阵形象地解释链与反链长度与个数的关系,帮助学生更好地理解。然后,给出反链在计算机领域的一个应用实例及其应用前景。通过一“讲”二“应用”的教学方式,极大地调动了学生兴趣,加深了对知识的理解,从而成为数学教学过程中的一个经典案例,非常值得借鉴与推广。     

发育生物学全英文教学的探索与实践

发育生物学是生物类专业主干课程,也是当今生命科学领域中发展最快的前沿学科之一,其最新的研究成果主要是以英文的形式发表在国际高级期刊上。因此,发育生物学的英文教学就显得尤为重要。本文结合发育生物学全英文教学的个人体会,从师资队伍建设、教学大纲和课程内容优化、教学过程和考核方式多样化等方面总结了我们在发育生物学全英文教学的具体实施和成效。     

生物学双语教学实践与思考

双语教学是学生识别和记忆专业词汇、提高英文科技文献阅读能力的有效手段。生物学双语教学实践过程中遇到“学生接受速度慢”“文科学生对理科知识理解难度大”“课程考核方式如何选择”等问题,为此,在教学过程中采取将课件调整成由含有大量中文到全英文逐渐过渡的形式,并且考核方式也选择开卷考试以降低难度,此外通过评学和评教、加强师生对课程学习效果的交流等手段来不断提升双语教学的质量和教学效果。     

生物学哲学何以可能——基于生物学哲学三大争论的文献研究

当代生物学哲学存在激烈思想碰撞,其中三大争论影响深远:生物学哲学是基于生物学的智慧还是科学哲学的分支?达尔文主义是科学还是哲学?生物学能否还原为物理学?笔者所在课题组基于大量西方生物学哲学一手文献,旨在通过系统文献的爬梳剔抉,重新思考并追问生物学哲学的性质。我们以为,生物学哲学并不囿于科学哲学的一个分支,更可能是一种以生物学为基础的有别于传统物理主义的强调整体性和系统性的哲学新智慧。     

论理解之于教学的意义

理解作为哲学解释学的核心概念和核心内容,若从理解的视角追问教学的发生、过程、结果,既是有必要的也是可能的,对于教学研究具有重要的意义价值。由此,对理解与教学投以更多的重视和思考,这是对教学主体论发生变化的适应,也是国际理解教育发展的必然要求。     

强化生物实验教学培养学生科学素质

论述了中学生物实验教学在培养学生科学素质方面的作用。通过生物实验教学与生产实际密切结合，可提高学生对理论知识及在生产实际应用中意义的理解；通过改进实验教学方法．可加强对学生能力的培养。生物实验教学是培养学生科学方法、科学精神的重要手段。     

启发式教学法在高中生物课堂中的有效应用探析

高中生物课程是高中阶段的重要学科之一,其具有知识点繁杂、内容抽象性强、理解难度大等特点,单纯的理论讲解很难达到理想的教学效果.启发式教学法是一种快速有效的教学方法,能够有效激发学生对生物课的兴趣,强化学生对生物知识的理解,进而有效提升生物课堂的教学效果.文章在教学实践的基础上,对启发式教学法在高中生物课堂中的应用难题、...     

Assessing students’ understanding of models of biological processes: a revised framework

Models are very important tools when learning and communicating about science. Models used in secondary school biology education range from concrete scale models, such as a model of a skeleton, to abstract concept-process models, such as a visualisation of meiosis. Understanding these concept-process models requires a profound understanding of the concept of models and how they are used in biology. This study evaluates an existing framework for its use in assessing students’ understanding of biological concept-process models. Four additions were required to extend the applicability of the framework to concept-process models. We were also able to give an indication of students’ current level of understanding of these models, showing room for improvement in all aspects of understanding. Since concept-process models have a central place in many scientific disciplines, it is important that students have a deep understanding of the nature, application and limitations of these models. The current study contributes to assessing the way students reason with concept-process models. Knowing how to improve students’ view on the use of concept-process models in biology may lead to higher scientific literacy.     

Using Explicit Teaching of Philosophy to Promote Understanding of the Nature of Science

Adopting an explicit and reflective approach to the teaching of the history and philosophy of science is useful in promoting high school students’ understanding of the nature of science. Whereas the history of science is usually signposted clearly in the school science curriculum, the philosophy of science is considered to be embedded in and integral to science education. This article argues that philosophical topics also need to be explicitly signposted and discussed in the teaching of the nature of science in high schools. This study investigates an interdisciplinary course on the nature of science in a Chinese senior high school. The course involved explicit teaching of philosophy of science topics with subject knowledge in each lesson. This mixed method design of the research included a modified version of the Views on Science, Technology and Society questionnaire as reported by Aikenhead and Ryan (Science Education, 76(5):477?491, 1992) and phenomenographical analysis. Although the sample size is small, the results suggest that explicit teaching of philosophy of science topics helps students better understand both the nature of science and the relationship between science, technology and society.

     

When Science Studies Religion: Six Philosophy Lessons for Science Classes

It is an unfortunate fact of academic life that there is a sharp divide between science and philosophy, with scientists often being openly dismissive of philosophy, and philosophers being equally contemptuous of the naiveté of scientists when it comes to the philosophical underpinnings of their own discipline. In this paper I explore the possibility of reducing the distance between the two sides by introducing science students to some interesting philosophical aspects of research in evolutionary biology, using biological theories of the origin of religion as an example. I show that philosophy is both a discipline in its own right as well as one that has interesting implications for the understanding and practice of science. While the goal is certainly not to turn science students into philosophers, the idea is that both disciplines cannot but benefit from a mutual dialogue that starts as soon as possible, in the classroom.