基于泛读的词汇知识与词汇能力习得研究

定位于泛读与词汇附带习得研究,以某独立学院本科二年级非英语专业学生为受试,通过为期一年的自主泛读,借助新近的词汇知识研究成果和相关的词汇测试理论,对受试进行词义、句法和搭配三个层面知识的产出、接受技能以及词汇量进行测试和结果分析,发现了泛读与词汇附带习得的部分规律:在词汇知识方面,优先习得词义知识,其次分别是搭配和句法;在词汇能力方面,表现出接受技能的快速增长与产出技能的缓慢获得.     

外语词汇教学与附带习得有机结合的实证研究

在词汇习得过程中词汇教学和附带习得分别起什么作用,如何将两者有机的结合?本实验结合受试间和受试内两种设计,考察两组不同的受试者在不同的条件下对两组词汇习得情况。对第一组词汇,测试前对照组只接受词汇教学,实验组在词汇教学后辅助阅读含目标词文章。对第二组词汇,两组都通过一次性阅读附带习得。本研究考查学习者分别在习得词汇的词性、词义、搭配和语境提示下产出目标词四个方面有无区别,并对比一次性阅读对促进生词词汇习得和已教词汇习得的异同。研究发现词汇教学在促进词汇习得各方面效果明显好于一次性阅读,但词汇教学之后进行广泛阅读可以更好地巩固加深已教词汇的习得,词汇量作为一个重要因素在广泛阅读中既影响生词词汇的习得也影响已有部分知识词汇的习得。     

产出性词汇实证研究进展与分析

习得作为二语习得的中心任务,长期以来受到中外学者的关注。词汇的习得既包括词汇知识的习得,又包括词汇能力的习得。词汇习得从知识的层面上讲,包括语音形式、拼写形式、语义、句法（搭配）和词形变化（前缀、后缀）。从能力上讲,它包括接受性能力和产出能力。     

二语接受性和产出性词汇习得及相互关系研究

我国英语教学实践中存在着重接受性词汇,轻产出性词汇的现象,学生在口语和写作中词汇表达能力明显不足。因此区分接受性和产出性词汇的差异,扩大产出性词汇量就显得十分必要。文章介绍了第二语言习得中接受性和产出性词汇习得的研究现状,并从数量、质量和习得顺序三个角度分析了接受性和产出性词汇习得的相互关系,提出了对词汇教学的建议。     

输出假说理论与产出性词汇习得

词汇习得在二语习得具有相当重要的地位,而产出性词汇习得在词汇习得更具重要意义。与接受性词汇相比,产出性词汇是一个不断累积的过程,需要对词汇有更多知识和了解,Swain的可理解输出假设理论强调语言输出对二语习得的重要性,提出了可理解输出假设的功能。这一理论有助于改革传统的词汇教学,为改进词汇教学方法,提高课堂教学质量提供了理论依据。基于这一理论,提出了一种新的词汇教学方法即练习型输出,旨在帮助学生提高产出性词汇。     

试析英语习得的语言磨蚀现象

近年来越来越多的人关注语言磨蚀,研究语言磨蚀能给语言习得带来启示。长期以来,英语专业教师的输出和学生的习得处于不平衡状态。通过调查有4年工作经验的广东工业大学毕业生的词汇磨蚀现状,比较接受性词汇知识和产出性词汇知识,结合语言磨蚀理论,对英语专业教师提出若干建议。     

第二语言词汇知识维度及其测试

进行第二语言词汇测试首先要明确一个问题:词汇包括哪些方面的知识。对词汇知识本质的探讨经历了不同阶段:词汇知识组成成分的微观描述、词汇知识习得过程的动态过程描述及词汇知识维度论。词汇知识维度论认为词汇知识至少包括广度和深度两个维度,其中词汇知识广度(词汇量)又分为接受性和产出性词汇量。词汇知识维度论为词汇测量提供了坚实的理论基础。目前对二语词汇的测量主要包括接受性词汇量、产出性词汇量及词汇知识深度这三个方面的测量,我们可以通过不同测试工具来衡量学习者对这三个方面的掌握情况。     

英语专业课堂词汇产出性训练设计实践探索

词汇产出性练习对学习者词汇习得起着非常重要的作用,但是把它作为一种提高词汇习得手段的研究很少。本文以精读教材《现代大学英语》课堂词汇产出练习设计和课堂实践为例,指出专业精读课堂词汇产出性训练应兼顾词汇联想、搭配、语境来设计,以达到最佳的词汇产出效果。     

产出性词汇研究对二语习得的影响及对大学英语教学的启示

一直以来,教师和学生对接受性词汇量关注较多,而对于产出性词汇量的关注较少。从认知理论的角度看,语言输出的重要性不可忽视,输出能够推动学习者对语言的深加工。将接受性词汇转化为产出性词汇是词汇习得的最终阶段。因此,在日常英语教学中,英语教师要重视对产出性词汇的研究,以促进学生的词汇习得。     

不同输出任务对非英语专业大学生词汇附带习得影响研究

语言输出能够促进词汇习得,但关于何种输出更能有效促进习得的对比研究甚少。本文以非英语专业三个自然班122名大二学生为研究对象,运用"投入量假设"理论,考查口头复述和书面翻译任务对非英语专业学生英语词汇附带习得的作用及影响。对受试进行的即时和延时词汇测试结果表明:不同的阅读任务均能不同程度地促进受试英语词汇的附带习得。书面翻译任务最能有效促进受试接受性和产出性词汇知识的习得,口头复述任务次之。然而伴随时间的推移,各任务组受试在词汇的长时记忆方面均有不同幅度下降。     

大学英语四级考试对于学生课后自主学习反拨作用的研究

本文从学生课后自主学习的角度出发,探讨大学英语四级考试对于学生学习的反拨作用。研究结果表明,改革后的CET4对学生的课后自主学习产生了一定的影响,对学生的学习态度产生了较强的正向反拨作用,但对于学生课后自主学习行为的反拨作用则相对较弱;对于不同英语水平学习者的反拨作用具有显著性差异,主要体现在学习内容、学习材料和学习方法上。最后笔者提出促进英语四级考试对于学生自主学习产生积极反拨作用的建议。     

Evidence for a calorically costly negative consummatory contrast effect in rats

For 2 h prior to their daily meal of Purina Chow, rats (which were 14% below ad-lib weight levels) had access to a sucrose solution. For half (Group 16-4), the solution was alternated daily between 18% and 4%; for the other half (Group 4-4), the solution was always 4%. On 18% days, Group 16-4 consumed significantly more calories and gained significantly more weight than did Group 4-4, because of a greater consumption of sucrose calories (Purina intake was similar for the two groups). On 4% days, however, Group 16-4 consumed both significantly fewer sucrose calories and significantly fewer Purina calories than did Group 4-4. These two contrast effects resulted in a 17% shortfall in total caloric intake for Group 16-4 on 4% days. As a consequence, Group 16-4 showed a significant drop in body weight, compared to Group 4-4, on 4% days. A second experiment was carried out to investigate whether the contrast-induced reduction in Purina intake shown by Group 16-4 on 4% days would be eliminated if (1) a 30-min interval separated sucrose ingestion from Purina ingestion, or (2) a 25-min interval plus 5-mmn exposure to 16% sucrose separated ingestion of 4% sucrose from Purina ingestion. Purina intake was still suppressed in Group 16-4 under both conditions.     

不同Al源对LiBH4储氢性能的影响

以普通Al粉、LiAlH4和Li3AlH6作为Al源,分别与LiBH4进行球磨复合,通过对LiBH4/Al、LiBH4/LiAlH4和LiBH4/Li3AlH6复合物吸放氢过程的物相分析、放氢性能分析和吸氢性能分析,系统研究不同Al源对LiBH4储氢性能的影响,发现Li3AlH6分解提供的活性Al促进LiBH4放氢作用明显,并且其放氢产物的可逆吸氢动力学性能也最好。     

细分散B_4C颗粒对Si_3N_4陶瓷的增强与增韧效应

本文通过对不同B4C含量的Si3N4陶瓷的力学性能研究,探讨了B4C相变对Si3N4陶瓷的强度和韧度的影响,分析了各种增强与增韧的机制,并用能量平衡理论讨论了强度和韧度增加的原因.结果表明,利用应力诱导相变效应,可以有效地提高Si3N4陶瓷的弯曲强度和断裂韧度.     

视黄醇结合蛋白4在胰岛素抵抗形成中的作用及其与运动关系的研究进展

对视黄醇结合蛋白4在胰岛素抵抗形成中的作用及其与运动关系的研究进展进行了综述研究。视黄醇结合蛋白4是将肥胖、2型糖尿病胰岛素抵抗联系起来的脂肪因子,视黄醇结合蛋白4遗传多态性亦与胰岛素抵抗的发生关系密切。视黄醇结合蛋白4能够通过抑制胰岛素信号蛋白诱导胰岛素抵抗。运动能够降低正常体重、肥胖、2型糖尿病对象的视黄醇结合蛋白4,改善胰岛素抵抗。     

温度、pH及碳氮源对产色素青霉菌株（Penicilliumsp．）生长的影响

PSO312是从土壤分离的1个青霉菌株,生长中能产生不同酸碱性条件下显黄色与紫红色等天然色素物质．通过菌株固体平板上恒温培养,168h测定菌落直径的方法研究了温度、pH及碳、氮源对菌株（Penicilliumsp．）生长的影响．研究表明31℃为菌株生长的最适温度．31℃培养以pH2—3的最快,pH8—9生长次之,24℃培养以pH8—9生长最快,pH3—4其次．菌株以蛋白胨4g／L、牛肉膏4g／L、酵母膏2g／L及尿素2g／L为氮源培养的菌落直径分别为55．75mm、51．5mm、55．5mm及25．3mm．在（NH4）2SO4 2g／L、NH4NO3 3g／L、NaNO3 4g／L、KN034g／L用量之上培养生长最快,菌落直径分别为35mm、34mm、35mm、及32mm．葡萄糖、蔗糖用量30g／L、果糖20g／L及乳糖25g／L的生长速率最快,菌落直径分别为45mm、38mm、38mm及39mm．丙三醇与淀粉25g／L培养的菌落直径均为39mm．     

张东荪视角下的五四东西文化论争

中西文化比较是张东荪文化思想的重心,他本人不但参与了五四东西文化论争,而且在进一步的研究中反思和批判了这场论争。通过梳理张东荪五四后相关文化观点,考察他对五四东西文化比较的整体认知,旨在借助这一特殊历史人物的视角,窥见这场思潮的概貌。     

Children's views on child abuse and neglect: findings from an exploratory study with Chinese children in Hong Kong

Objectives

This research study explored children's views on issues about child abuse in Hong Kong and examined their implications on child protection work and research in Chinese societies.

Method

Six primary schools were recruited from different districts of Hong Kong. Five vignettes of child maltreatment in the form of flash movies were presented to 87 children in 12 focus groups for discussion. The process was video-taped and the data were transcribed verbatim for data analysis by NUDIST.

Results

(1) Children do not have a homogeneous view on issues about child abuse and neglect, and their awareness and sensitivity to different kinds of child abuse are also different; (2) some of their views on child abuse and neglect are uniquely their own and are markedly different from those of adults; (3) some of the views expressed by children, however, are very much akin to those of adults, such as the factors they would consider in deciding whether a case is child abuse or not; (4) children's disclosure of abuse in Hong Kong is often affected by the Chinese culture in which they live, like filial piety and loyalty to parents.

Conclusion

Children's views on issues of child abuse and neglect, no matter they are the same or different from those of adults, serve to inform and improve child protection work. Children are not only victims in need of protection. They are also valuable partners with whom adult practitioners should closely work.

Practice implications

Children have, and are able to give, views on child abuse. They should be listened to in any child protection work no matter their views are same with or different from those of adults. As this study suggests, the relatively low sensitivity of the children to child neglect and sexual abuse, and their reluctance to disclose abuse and neglect due to their loyalty to parents are areas to focus on in preventive child protection work in a Chinese society like Hong Kong.     

Fatal child maltreatment in England, 2005-2009

Objective

This paper presents comprehensive and up-to-date data covering 4 years of Serious Case Reviews into fatal child maltreatment in England.

Methods

Information on all notified cases of fatal maltreatment between April 2005 and March 2009 was examined to obtain case characteristics related to a systemic classification of 5 broad groups of maltreatment deaths (severe physical assaults; covert homicide/infanticide; overt homicide; extreme neglect/deprivational abuse; deaths related to but not directly caused by maltreatment).

Results

A total of 276 cases were recorded giving an incidence of 0.63 cases per 100,000 children (0-17) per year. 246 cases could be classified based on the data available. Of these the commonest specific group was those children who died as a result of severe physical assaults. Apparently deliberate overt and covert homicide was less common, while deaths as a direct consequence of neglect were rare. In contrast, some evidence of neglect was found in at least 40% of all cases, though not the direct cause of death.

Conclusions

Class characteristics differ between the different categories of death and may suggest the need for different strategies for prevention.