Interpreting Art through Metaphors

This article argues that much of the meaning of artworks comes through metaphors, though we do not always recognise them as such. The argument draws on the work of Lakoff & Johnson, who assert a similar claim about metaphors in general (especially in language). It analyses the notion of a visual metaphor, gives a number of illustrations and claims that, contrary to linguistic metaphors, there can usefully be more than one visual metaphor (‘mixed metaphors’) active in a visual image and that visual metaphors can be interpreted in both directions. Verticality is presented as one basic metaphor in visual images.     

Can visual aids in representational illustrations help pupils to solve mathematical word problems more realistically?

We investigated the effect of two visual aids in representational illustrations on pupils’ realistic word problem solving. In part 1 of our study, 288 elementary school pupils received an individual paper-and-pencil task with seven problematic items (P-items) in which realistic considerations need to be made to come to an appropriate reaction. These items were presented together either with representational illustrations, representational illustrations in which an element was added to make the realistic modelling complexity more apparent, or representational illustrations in which this element was cued. In part 2, the pupils received the same P-items together with a realistic and a non-realistic answer option, with the request to choose the best answer. The findings show that there was no positive effect of the visual aids on the number of realistic reactions in part 1 and that when reviewing possible answers to P-items in part 2, there again was no positive effect.     

Elaborated metaphors support viable inferences about difficult science concepts

Instructional metaphors scaffold learning better when accompanied by an elaboration. Applying structure mapping theory, we developed and used an elaborated instructional metaphor (text and illustrations) for introductory chemistry concepts. In two studies (N ₁ = 44, N ₂ = 57), college students with little chemistry background read either the elaborated metaphor, sub‐concept metaphor statements (e.g. an atom is like a tile) only or (Study 2) sub‐concept labels (e.g. atom) only. When asked to write what they knew about the sub‐concept, those in the elaborated metaphor condition wrote more sophisticated domain inferences than those in the other condition(s), p < .05. The elaborated metaphor helped participants construct accurate pre‐conceptual mental models that could prepare them for future learning (i.e. acquisition of new knowledge). The results also suggested that acquisition of high‐level concepts may require active learner transactions with the analogue, as can be had in interactive instructional game worlds.     

Diagrams and illustrations as aids to problem solving

The psychological literature relating to factors which should be taken into account in the design of illustrations and pictorial instructions as aids to problem solving is reviewed. The problem solver can invoke a wide range of strategies for using pictorial materials to achieve his goal, although pictorial instructions which indicate how to perform actions place a tighter constraint on the choice of strategy than illustrations showing only states to be attained. The designer must make his graphics compatible with as wide a range of strategies for using them as possible while building on the knowledge the problem solver already possesses.The author now works for the Post Office Telecommunications Systems Strategy Department, 88 Hills Road, Cambridge.     

Concept mapping and the cartography of cognition

Since concept maps are designed to find out what the learner knows about a subject and are, in effect, maps of cognition, this article synthesizes relevant facts, concepts, and principles from cartography and applies them to concept mapping. The metaphor of the map and its applicability for representing scientific knowledge are discussed. The context of concept mapping is presented and suggestions for successful application of the technique in the science classroom are offered. Finally, researchers are invited to conduct studies that investigate the graphic representation of scientific knowledge in order to create, evaluate, and improve the graphics and graphic metacognitive tools (such as concept mapping) which are used in science teaching.     

后现代语境下平面广告形式语言新特征

对于后现代平面广告设计的而言,可以将其理解为是一种兼具了感性、具象和理性与抽象的双重倾向的语言特点,这也决定了后现代广告设计是一种自由开放的博大的语言形态系统。根据分析,后现代语境下平面广告形式语言新特征主要有形象化、隐喻化、解构化和快餐化。     

中学语文教学培养学生动手能力例谈

在语教学中培养学生的动手能力，可从以下几方面进行，引入实验，制作教具，绘制图形，学画插图，动笔多写。     

Conservation and metaphor acquisition in hearing-impaired children. Some relationships with communication mode, hearing acuity, schooling, and age.

This study focused on conservation and metaphor acquisition in 35 hearing-impaired children who used different modes of communication and who spanned a wide age range. Children who used either cued speech or oral-aural communication modes were tested at two different school sites. Relationships were determined between the dependent variables, conservation and metaphor, and the independent variables of age, degree of hearing loss, years of schooling, and mode of communication. Findings revealed a significant positive relationship between conservation and metaphor in both communication modes. Significant relationships between age and metaphor and between age and conservation were also found, suggesting that experience plays an important role in understanding both of them. Neither conservation nor metaphor was significantly related to either degree of hearing loss or communication mode. The conservation order of acquisition was number (91%), weight (60%), volume (50%), and liquid (46%). Suggestions for teachers based on the findings are presented.     

隐喻的语用解读

隐喻是话语建构的一种方式,话语中的隐喻需要依据语境作出解读,隐喻在话语的构建和理解过程中起到桥梁作用,承载话语的上下结构。隐喻作为基本的表达方式,分析会话中隐喻的语用含义,呈现交际目的,完成交际任务,对隐喻的语用作出解读。     

Visual Aids and the Enhancement of Communication in Africa

Educational visual aids and illustrations in African institutions are mostly imported from overseas, and the few local productions tend to be Western‐orientated in style. However, research on the technical and design elements of visual aids, their cultural implications and socio‐economic factors all point to considerable differences of perception and interpretation of visuals between African and Western students. The paper discusses these differences and considers their implications to designers and producers of learning materials for African students.     

隐喻与篇章衔接

隐喻不仅是一种常见修辞手法,也是篇章中常用的衔接手段。不同于传统的语言形式上的转换或替代等衔接,隐喻表达的是篇章中体现的思想交流。隐喻丰富多彩,不论词汇隐喻,还是语法隐喻,都能给理解提供一个暗隐的语义衔接。词汇隐喻被定义为用同一语言符号表现不同的概念意义,而语法隐喻定义为用不同的语法形式来表现类似的概念意义,两者都延伸出了句子,到了篇章、甚至是更广的社会文化领域,让读者或听者完整统一地理解篇章结构。     

“The three hags and Pocohontas”: how collaboration develops Early Years writing skills

This article relates a child's development in story writing and the progress that she made in achieving text cohesion, spelling development and ideation through the collaborative process. The case study investigates the integration of major aspects of writing development such as collaboration, the importance of peer interactions through social learning and the fusion of illustrations and writing to assist children's communication and understanding. The authors examine the rationale for the inclusion of collaborative peer‐assisted writing and peer interaction as a social writing process, supporting the young writer's affective domain. The case study investigates the integration of major aspects of writing development such as collaboration, the importance of peer interactions through social learning and the fusion of illustrations and writing to assist children's communication and understanding. The authors examine the rationale for the inclusion of collaborative peer‐assisted writing and peer interaction as a social writing process, supporting the young writer's affective domain development. The strengths and complexities of peer interaction, the role of illustrations and their positive impact on composition are discussed.     

隐喻修辞策略背后的语言意识

在认知语言学界,隐喻一直被视为人类的基本思维方式,而作为修辞手段渐次为人们所遗忘。本文从批评话语分析的角度,讨论了隐喻与语言意识的交织问题,借助对政治语篇中所包含的种族歧视的分析,指出隐喻是人类观照世界的视角,是交际中不可缺少的语用策略。     

广告语篇中的语法隐喻及其认知分析

语法隐喻在语言的使用和交际过程中是十分普遍的语言现象。以概念隐喻、人际隐喻和情态隐喻为认知理据,结合广告语篇,从认知的视角来分析广告语篇中的英语投射。不仅有助于解读丰富的广告话语内涵,也反映了人类认知世界的发展。     

Diagram prediction and higher order structures in mental representation

Predictions of the patterns likely to appear on a weather map diagram one day later than those shown on a given map were drawn by meteorologists and non-meteorologists. Differences in secondary structures of the predicted patterns with respect to the spacing and alignment of graphic elements were consistent with the existence of fundamental differences in mental representation between the subject groups. Lack of expertise in the subject domain of the diagram was associated with the production of patterns containing meteorologically-arbitrary arrangements of graphic elements. It is suggested that science instruction should include explicit consideration of the higher order structures present in diagrams. Specializations: mental representation and processing of scientific diagrams, characteristics of explanatory illustrations, drawing and cognition, instructional design.     

概念隐喻的语篇连贯功能探究——以奥巴马2010年国情咨文为例

语篇连贯一直是语篇分析的重要环节。Lakoff&Johnson的概念隐喻理论从认知语言学的角度拓展了语篇连贯的研究。文章以Lakoff&Johnson的概念隐喻理论作为理论框架,以奥巴马总统2010年国情咨文作为研究语料,试从由单个概念隐喻构成的连贯系统和由多个概念隐喻构成的连贯系统两个层面探究概念隐喻如何起到语篇连贯的作用。     

Metaphors for Change

Abstract

A metaphor is the symbolic representation of an idea or a concept in communication. In the counseling context, the use of metaphors provides an alternative intervention strategy when direct communication is ineffective or undesirable. Four critical aspects of the counseling process-communicating understanding, increasing motivation, overcoming resistance, and facilitating solutions-can be enhanced through the use of metaphors. Case examples demonstrating the efficacy and integration of therapeutic metaphors in a college counseling setting are provided.     

隐喻文化认知及其对口语教学的启示

隐喻既是一种语言现象,又是一种文化现象,更是一种人类的认知现象。不同文化的隐喻差异给口语交际造成理解障碍,而对隐喻的理解在很大程度上取决于对目标语文化的理解与把握。对高职英语教学来说,为解决这个问题,教师要加强对文化教学的重视程度。在口语教学中,先从表层文化差异入手,过渡到中层文化差异再延伸到深层文化差异。教师要注重课堂教学中的策略研究并充分调动和发挥学生的积极性。     

隐喻镜头下的股市语言——隐喻在股市语言中的应用

认知语言学认为,隐喻的本质是用一种事情或经验去理解和经历另一种事情或经验,股市交易被“网络游戏化”以后,为了更准确把握抽象的交易现象,人们使用了大量的隐喻表达。本文试对股市语言中的隐喻实例进行收集分析,并初步归纳股市语言中隐喻现象的文化特征。     

How we should control time on task—or should we?

Typical experimental studies of learning aids will control in various ways for the time spent on the learning task. This paper reviews such methods and compares the possible confounding influences of indirect time effects in experiments with broad or restrictive time limits. Indirect time effects refer to changes in time spent on a text that are caused by learning aids. They are to be discerned from direct time effects that refer to the time the reading of the learning aids take. In particular, we give an overview of the adequacy of various time limits for answering different research questions. It is argued that experiments without time limits are potentially more likely to bring out performance effects. In the final part of this paper we give some illustrations of the different effects and methods, based on a series of six experiments into the influence of concrete analogies on learning. Those experiments show that indirect time effects are important and that performance results depend on the way one controls reading time.