昆虫的嗅觉

本文概述了昆虫嗅觉的特点、嗅觉感器的结构和嗅觉的识别作用机理。     

昆虫杆状病毒在生物技术研究中的应用

随着昆虫杆状病毒分子生物学研究的不断深入，昆虫杆状病毒在生物技术研究中也得到了应用。利用杆状病毒作为载体，在昆虫细胞和虫体内表达外源基因，形成了昆虫杆状病毒载体表达系统，利用杆状病毒携带外源基因，通过同源重组将外源基因导入到家蚕的基因组构建了转基因家蚕；通过向杆状病毒基因组中插入毒素、激素、酶抑制剂等的基因或从杆状病毒基因组中删除某个基因，或通过不同杆状病毒间的杂交，使子代病毒的宿主域扩大，从而提高了杆状病毒作为生物杀虫剂的杀虫效果。本文对杆状病毒在上述几个方面的应用进行了简要综述。     

Relationships between serum lipid, lipoprotein, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein, and high-density lipoprotein particle concentrations in post-renal transplant patients

Objective:Disturbances in lipid and lipoprotein profiles in patients after kidney transplantation (Tx) are still not understood. Methods:Serum levels of lipids,lipoprotein,triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs),and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles were determined,lipid and lipoprotein ratios were calculated,and their relationships in Tx patients with hypertriglyceridemia (HTG) and lower apolipoprotein AI (apoAI) concentration were examined. Serum lipid and lipoprotein levels were measured in 109 Tx p...     

植物和昆虫的共同进化

在自然界中我们不难发现以下事实：各种动物，特别是昆虫并不是以所有植物作为食物，往往具有“偏食”的特性，有的甚至非常专一。生物学家埃连希(Ehrlich)和雷(Raven)对萝摩科(Asclepiadaceae)及近亲的夹竹桃科(Apocynaceae)植物的研究，发现这些植物能分泌出白色乳汁，内含强心配糖体。这一物质为某些昆虫所厌恶，也为某些灯蛾幼虫所喜爱。     

昆虫的生物测时机构

生物测时是昆虫的基本生理功能。昆虫测时功能及作用机制的研究是时间生物学前沿研究内容之一。光感应型昆虫生物钟光信号由眼、脑－眼两种感知类型,驱动部位也有视叶边缘腹侧部分的细胞体和脑两类;遗传控制基因是ｐｅｒ,不同突变体ｐｅｒＤＮＡ之间仅有１个碱基的差异。家蚕卵内的酯酶Ａ４（ＥＡ４）是一种时间间隔测定酶,感知低温、盐酸刺激等信息,启动倒计时型滞育生物钟光ＥＡ４的测时功能与自身的结构有关,受蚕卵内的多肽     

核桃栽培中的主要病虫害及防治

本文结合生产实际,对核桃栽培中的主要病虫害种类、危害特点、防治方法进行了归纳总结,以期为核桃病虫害的防治提供依据。     

Oxygen deprivation as a drive state in an aquatic insect: Family Dytiscidae

Thirty aquatic diving beetles,Rhantus atncolor, of the family Dytiscidae, were subjected to 1-, 5-, 10-, 15-, 20-, and 25-min levels of oxygen deprivation. The level of deprivation was procured by submerging the Ss under water for the allotted period of time. A control group receiving no oxygen deprivation was also tested. The results clearly established oxygen deprivation as a drive state capable of increasing the general level of activity in aquatic Coleoptera as measured by swimming speed in the runway. Significant differences were also found between these deprivation levels.     

Association between moderately oxidized low-density lipoprotein and high-density lipoprotein particle subclass distribution in hemodialyzed and post-renal transplant patients

Disturbances in the metabolism of lipoprotein profiles and oxidative stress in hemodialyzed (HD) and post-renal transplant (Tx) patients are proatherogenic, but elevated concentrations of plasma high-density lipoprotein (HDL) reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the concentrations of lipid, lipoprotein, HDL particle, oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) and anti-ox-LDL, and paraoxonase-1 (PON-1) activity in HD (n=33) and Tx (n=71) patients who were non-smokers without active inflammatory disease, liver disease, diabetes, or malignancy. HD patients had moderate hypertriglyceridemia, normocholesterolemia, low HDL-C, apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) and HDL particle concentrations as well as PON-1 activity, and increased ox-LDL and anti-ox-LDL levels. Tx patients had hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, moderately decreased HDL-C and HDL particle concentrations and PON-1 activity, and moderately increased ox-LDL and anti-ox-LDL levels as compared to the reference, but ox-LDL and anti-ox-LDL levels and PON-1 activity were more disturbed in HD patients. However, in both patient groups, lipid and lipoprotein ratios (total cholesterol (TC)/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, triglyceride (TG)/HDL-C, HDL-C/non-HDL-C, apoA-I/apoB, HDL-C/apoA-I, TG/HDL) were atherogenic. The Spearman’s rank coefficient test showed that the concentration of ox-LDL correlated positively with HDL particle level (R=0.363, P=0.004), and negatively with TC (R=−0.306, P=0.012), LDL-C (R=−0.283, P=0.020), and non-HDL-C (R=−0.263, P=0.030) levels in Tx patients. Multiple stepwise forward regression analysis in Tx patients demonstrated that ox-LDL concentration, as an independent variable, was associated significantly positively with HDL particle level. The results indicated that ox-LDL and decreased PON-1 activity in Tx patients may give rise to more mildly-oxidized HDLs, which are less stable, easily undergo metabolic remodeling, generate a greater number of smaller pre-β-HDL particles, and thus accelerate reverse cholesterol transport, which may be beneficial for Tx patients. Further studies are necessary to confirm this.     

Of butterflies and beetles: First graders' ways of seeing and talking about insect life cycles

First graders' understandings of insect life cycles are explored through pre- and postinstructional interviews, as well as through the analysis of children's journal entries and talk that occurred throughout an instructional unit on beetle and butterfly metamorphosis. The data indicated that children's informal experiences resulted in the construction of one of three models of insect life cycles. Children's journal writing provided an avenue for contextualizing their experience with beetle and butterfly metamorphosis. Although the children's ways of seeing and talking about beetle and butterfly life cycles were changed by the instructional experience, the instructional experience constrained their understandings of insect life cycles. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 34: 873–889, 1997.     

昆虫性信息素的研究与应用

介绍了昆虫的化学通讯方式、昆虫性信息素结构测定的常规方法以及性信息素在虫情预测、诱杀防治、迷向防治等方面的实用价值和应用前景。     

Induction of odor preference in a specialist insect parasitoid

This paper deals with the effect of associative and nonassociative odor conditioning on odor preference in a specialist larval parasitic wasp ofDrosophila melanogaster, Leptopilina boulardi. Differently experienced females were offered a choice between banana and strawberry odors in a four-armed olfactometer. Wasps that were allowed to oviposit in an odorless airflow before testing exhibited no significant response to the odors, whereas females with an oviposition experience in the presence of an odor clearly preferred the scent that they had experienced. Furthermore, exposure to strawberry odor after oviposition could also induce a preference for strawberry or banana odor, depending on the concentrations of both scents used for conditioning and testing. This effect was independent of the time elapsed between oviposition and strawberry exposure, suggesting that it was caused by nonassociative conditioning and not by backward associative learning. Exposure to banana odor after oviposition had no effect on females’ responses. Variations in odor concentrations also influenced the expression of associative learning, although to a much lesser extent.     

高黎贡山百花岭地区鞘翅目主要昆虫种群动态

于2006~2012年每年7月份在高黎贡山自然保护区百花岭地区对鞘翅目昆虫进行采集,通过鉴定,共发现22个科,64个种,其中,主要优势种群5个,分别为库光胫锹甲、双滴斑菁、橡胶木犀金龟、茶色金龟子和木棉天牛。并对优势种群动态进行了研究与分析,提出了相应防控建议。     

南阳市园林植物灯下昆虫群落结构分析

通过对南阳市园林绿地植物7~8月份诱虫灯下昆虫群落的调查,摸清了其常见的昆虫种类,结果表明：园林绿地植物灯下昆虫群落包括5个目,21科,50种;其中有害虫45种,害虫天敌4种和杂食性昆虫1种.同时,根据害虫的发生数量及对园林绿地植物的危害程度,从群落的角度分析了园林绿地植物害虫的优势种（类）,主要有暗黑鳃金龟、淡剑夜蛾、茶长卷蛾、斜纹夜蛾、土蝽等;从生态功能分类的角度把这些绿地害虫分为植食性昆虫、肉食性昆虫、传粉昆虫、杂食性昆虫4大类,其中这些害虫主要来自于鳞翅目、同翅目、直翅目、鞘翅目、半翅目五个目,为园林绿地植物在群落水平上进行综合治理提供了理论依据.     

昆虫实验教学标本的建设和管理

昆虫实验教学标本的建设和管理是昆虫教学中一个非常重要的项目,结合在昆虫实验教学标本建设和管理中存在的问题及现状,提出了一定的措施,期望对昆虫实验教学起到积极的作用。     

我国转基因抗虫棉的培育及其特性

中国是世界上最大的棉花生产国和消费国,作为重要的民用和战略物资,棉花生产一直受到国家的高度重视.20世纪90年代,生物病虫害,尤其是棉铃虫等鳞翅目害虫啃蛀棉杆,蚕食棉叶,钻蛀棉桃,对棉花危害极大.1991～1994年病虫害在北方棉区和长江流域棉区每年造成高达60亿元以上的经济损失.这突如其来的自然灾害,给棉花生产造成了巨大损失,棉农谈虫色变,植棉积极性空前低落.因此,具有本身能产生抗虫物质的转基因抗虫棉很自然地引起了人们的兴趣.转基因抗虫棉,通俗地说,就是通过生物技术,把一种细菌的遗传物质(基因)转移到棉花体内,在其表达出相应物质后,让棉铃虫等害虫一吃就死,具有抗虫性状的棉花.……     

昆虫标本图片库系统的设计与应用

昆虫种类繁多,数量巨大,给昆虫实验室的标本管理工作带来了很大的不便。为了提高管理水平,保护实物标本,需对昆虫标本进行数字化管理。通过数码相机、摄像头、扫描仪、互联网等手段获取图片,利用Vistual Basic 6.0开发工具和Access 2003数据库软件建立昆虫标本图片库系统。该系统不但具有输入图片、浏览图片、查找图片的功能,还能调用数码相机、摄像头、扫描仪,能够从这些数码设备中获取图片,可以导入到图片库中。该系统既可用于科研,又可用于教学,既方便了科研人员查找相关标本图片,又满足了教师在上课时演示昆虫标本,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Path integration in cockroach larvae,Blattella germanica (L.) (insect: Dictyoptera): Direction and distance estimation

The question of how an insect finds its way between foraging areas and its shelter has been investigated in cockroaches,Blattella germanica. Our aim was to demonstrate that they integrate the characteristics of their outward trip to estimate direction and distance, which enable them to return to their shelter, relying on path integration mechanisms using kinesthetic cues. The return path pattern was characterized by a nearly linear oriented-to-the-goal trajectory, an arrest, and a systematic search at a much slower speed. The arrest position indicated that the insect’s home vector was back to zero and that it was the estimated shelter position. If the shelter failed to be at the arrest position, cockroaches started a nonrandom systematic search directed mainly around the arrest. They looped back and forth around the arrest position and increased the size of their loops with time. The pattern of this search seems to be an ubiquitous trait in insects.     

胰岛素的结构及受体的信号传递

胰岛素是动物胰腺中的β细胞分泌的一种重要激素。在体内，它通过与靶细胞膜上受体结合，经一系列过程激发细胞内特定的生理生化反应，调节多种生理活动。