基于多Agent多议题协商模型的研究

协商是多Agent系统实现协调、协作和冲突消解的关键环节。如何构建有效的协商模型是多Agent系统中有待解决的问题之一。本文主要讨论了多Agent多议题自动协商问题,构建了基于多Agent多议题协商模型,提出了相应的协商算法。     

改进遗传算法求解单任务Agent联盟

多Agent系统中,Agent形成联盟来完成任务,是Agents间的一种重要合作方式。遗传算法在求解单任务Agent联盟时存在稳定性较差、收敛速度慢、寻优能力不强等问题,对此,提出一种基于改进遗传算法的单任务联盟形成策略。该方法通过定义衡量遗传算法种群多样性参数,根据该参数值使用不同的配对策略在潜在交叉集合中选择个体进行配对交叉,以减少无效的交叉操作,从而提高交叉操作的效率;针对传统变异算子缺乏一定的方向性,通过个体Agent能力大小确定变异基因位,以提高算法搜索性能。对比实验结果表明,该算法可以快速、高效地找出合适的Agent联盟。     

基于多Agent的网络教学平台系统研究

本丈从传统网络教学平台的发展趋势出发,对教学系统设计理论及代理技术的应用做了分析,提出了基于多Agent网络系统框架,并对相应关键问题做了研究探讨,这些都为系统的进一步开发提供了理论依据。     

概率问题的求解方法

概率问题已成为高考的一个热点问题．求解概率问题的关键是要正确理解概率发生的条件,并掌握一些基本的概率“模型”．下面结合实例谈谈概率问题的几种解法．[第一段]     

基于多Agent的组织决策支持系统的设计与研究

Agent技术近年来给软件的发展带来了日新月异的变化，这种技术提供了软件系统概念化、设计与实现的全新模式，多Agent与组织决策支持系统(ODSS)也是人工智能和系统工程中的研究热点。本文在研究多Agent与ODSS的基础上，设计了一种基于多Agent的组织决策支持系统，并对它进行了适当的分析和展望。     

基于多Agent技术的企业成本决策支持系统研究

结合成本决策的需求，引入人工智能中多Agent思想和成本管理中作业成本法思想，提出了一种基于多Agent技术、面向中小型企业的成本决策支持系统（ABC—IDSS）架构，介绍了系统模型和系统整体架构，并对系统的功能模块作了简要描述。     

基于多Agent联盟的无人机群任务协同控制

在分析无人机群多任务处理过程的基础上,给出了一种基于多Agent联盟体系结构的无人机群任务协同过程控制模型,并通过对Agent通信的消息结构定义时间约束条件和自主权标志等消息参数,实现在Agent协作基础上的可变自主权任务处理过程控制。     

多Agent联盟结构生成算法的剪枝优化

针对与联盟值有关的联盟结构生成算法,通过归纳总结整数划分数与联盟结构图中各层联盟结构数之间的对应规律,并利用已知联盟值之间的信息对解空间进行充分剪枝,快速获得不同大小的联盟结构局部最优解,从而计算出全局最优解。通过剪枝示例统计验证算法效果,剪枝优化后的搜索空间减少50%。     

基于多Agent的远程智能教学系统的设计

本文针对目前远程教学系统的现状,引用Agent技术,构建了一个基于多Agent的远程智能教学系统,并对系统的体系结构、系统所依据的相关学习理论、系统中知识的表示以及知识点的关联体系等关键问题进行了分析和探讨,力求使构建的系统更具智能性、适应性、主动性和个性化。     

基于多Agent的电子签名认证系统研究

对多Agent系统的基本概念和关键技术进行了综述和讨论，针对目前在电子签名认证中的不足，提出了一种基于仿真多Agent系统的电子签名认证模型。     

Creativity and inspiration for problem solving in engineering education

Problem solving is a critical skill for engineering students and essential to development of creativity and innovativeness. Essential to such learning is an ease of communication and allowing students to address the issues at hand via the terminology, attitudes, humor and empathy, which is inherent to their frame of mind as novices, without the attempt to have to be the expert. Deep learning of scientific fact can be facilitated by using non-conventional tools for teaching, learning and presentation such as drama, video, posters, model making and other similar means. It may be time to break free of the PowerPoint tradition to generate successful approaches for establishing student engagement and maintaining such engagement.     

化学教学中问题解决法初探

问题解决是思维的最一般形式,是人类适应环境、解决生存与发展中各种问题的基本方式。实际的教学中则是通过创设问题情境,在教学内容与学生的求知心理之间建立一种不平衡状态,把学生引入到与问题有关的情境之中。利用此模式的教学是改变以被动接受为主的教学模式,实行探究学习与合作学习的重要途径。     

有关数学问题的解题思想与方法

我们从中学就开始接触各类数学问题,而要解决这些数学问题,最重要的就是找出问题的精髓也就是所运用的思想与方法,并且这些思想与方法在实际应用中也非常广泛,因此,在这里我们主要介绍几种重要的解决数学问题的思想与方法。     

Strategic transfer: A tool for academic problem solving

Within the context of classroom learning, strategic transfer can be viewed as a tool for academic problem solving. Strategic transfer is defined as the spontaneous access and retrieval (remembering) of previously learned formal procedures for the successful solution of a problem. The transfer-appropriate processing encoding model (Morris, Bransford, and Franks, 1977), and the transfer-appropriate procedures retrieval model (Roediger, Weldon, and Challis, 1989) are reviewed. An integration of the two models is proposed through the development of a training-for-transfer paradigm (Phye, 1990). By integrating encoding and retrieval processing in a single transfer paradigm the issue of accessing prior knowledge (Bransford, 1990) that is also referred to as the inert knowledge problem (Whitehead, 1929) can directly be addressed.     

Imitative problem solving: Why transfer of learning often fails to occur

The paper presents empirical evidence for imitativeproblem solving and the Interpretation Theorydescribed in Robertson and Kahney (1996). According tothe theory beginners use imitation as their primary problem solving method when learning about an unfamiliar domain. Imitative problem solving can explain much of the evidence that analogical transfereven within a domain is often hard to find. The paperpresents an analysis of algebra word problems topredict in detail exactly where solvers will havedifficulty in using a worked out example to solveeither a close or distant variant of the problem type.In a 2 × between-groups design, secondary schoolstudents were given an explanation of an algebra wordproblem taken from Reed et al. (1985)or an explanation of the problem that also includedinformation about how the solution could be adapted tosolve a distant variant. They were then given eithera close or distant variant to solve. Results were inline with the predictions derived from theInterpretation Theory analysis.     

Computer technology and complex problem solving: Issues in the study of complex cognitive activity

Goals and plans organize much of complex problem solving behavior and are often inferable from action sequences. This paper addresses the strengths and limitations of inferring goals and plans from information that can be derived from computer traces of software used to solve mathematics problems. We examined mathematics problem solving activity about distance, rate, time relationships in a computer software environment designed to support understanding of functional relationships among these variables (e.g., distance =rate × time; time=distance/rate) using graphical representations of the results of simulations. Ten adolescent-aged students used the software to solve two distance, rate, time problems, and provided think-aloud protocols. To determine the inferability of understanding from the action traces, coders analyzed students' understanding from the computer traces alone (Trace-only raters) and compared these to analyses based on the traces plus the verbal protocols (Traceplus raters). Inferability of understanding from the action traces was related to level of student understanding how they used the graphing tool. When students had a good understanding of distance, rate, time relationships, it could be accurately inferred from the computer traces if they used the simulation tool in conjunction with the graphing tool. When students had a weak understanding, the verbal protocols were necessary to make accurate inferences about what was and was not understood. The computer trace also failed to capture dynamic exploration of the visual environment so students who relied on the graphing tool were inaccurately characterized by the Trace-only coders. Discussion concerns types of scaffolds that would be helpful learning environment for complex problems, the kind of information that is needed to adequately track student understanding in this content domain, and instructional models for integrating learning environments like these into classrooms.Members of the Cognition and Technology Group at Vanderbilt who have contributed to this project are (in alphabetical order) Helen Bateman, John Bransford, Thaddeus Crews, Allison Moore, Mitchell Nathan, and Stephen Owens. The research was supported, in part, by grants from the National Science Foundation (NSF-MDR-9252990) but no official endorsement of the ideas expressed herein should be inferred.     

Junior high school physics: Using a qualitative strategy for successful problem solving

Students at the junior high school (JHS) level often cannot use their knowledge of physics for explaining and predicting phenomena. We claim that this difficulty stems from the fact that explanations are multi‐step reasoning tasks, and students often lack the qualitative problem‐solving strategies needed to guide them. This article describes a new instructional approach for teaching mechanics at the JHS level that explicitly teaches such a strategy. The strategy involves easy to use visual representations and leads from characterizing the system in terms of interactions to the design of free‐body force diagrams. These diagrams are used for explaining and predicting phenomena based on Newton's laws. The findings show that 9th grade students who studied by the approach advanced significantly from pretests to post‐tests on items of the Force Concept Inventory—FCI and on other items examining specific basic and complex understanding performances. These items focused on the major learning goals of the program. In the post‐tests the JHS students performed on the FCI items better than advanced high‐school and college students. In addition, interviews conducted before, during, and after instruction indicated that the students had an improved ability to explain and predict phenomena using physics ideas and that they showed retention after 6 months. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 1094–1115, 2010     

Assessment of expert-novice chemistry problem solving using HyperCard: Early findings

Results of a HyperCard method for assessing the performance of expert and novice high school chemistry students solving stoichiometric chemistry problems (balancing chemical equations) have been reported. The assessment involved the use of a HyperCard instrument (Hyperequation) developed on a Macintosh platform to administer a set of five chemistry problems, register student responses, and collect data related to student performance. The chemistry problems have been previously tested and validated in traditional (pen-paper) assessment settings by other researchers. MANOVA results indicate a significant difference between the performance of expert and novice students solving the five stoichiometric chemistry problems using the Hyperequation. The study shows promise in that a HyperCard assessment method could differentiate between the performance of experts and novices in problem solving. The implication is that HyperCard might be a suitable technology for developing performance assessment methods not only in chemistry but also in other science disciplines.     

A study of the effect of HyperCard and pen-paper performance assessment methods on expert-novice chemistry problem solving

This study investigated HyperCard as a tool for assessment in science education and determined whether or not a HyperCard assessment instrument could differentiate between expert and novice student performance (balancing stoichiometric equations) in science education. Five chemical equations were presented by traditional pen-paper and by a HyperCard (Hyperequation) program. Thirty honors (expert) and 30 regular (novice) chemistry students were randomly divided into HyperCard and traditional pen-paper groups of 15 students each. Scoring was based on five dependent variables: performance scores, number of attempts, rate of attempts, time on task, and correctness. Correlation results indicated that students with high performance scores correctly balanced more equations, required fewer attempts to balance equations, and required less time per attempt than did students with low performance scores. MANOVA results showed that performance scores and correctness scores for both experts and novice were significantly higher on HyperCard compared to pen-paper assessment; the novice scores on HyperCard nearly equaled the expert pen-paper assessment scores. Significant interactions were found for time on task and for correctness. The results suggest that HyperCard can be a suitable tool for assessment in science education and that such an instrument can differentiate between expert and novice student performance.