Work Output and Heart Rate Response of Top Level New Zealand Oarsmen

Abstract

A 6-min rowing ergometer test was administered to 116 candidates for Junior, Colt, and Olympic New Zealand crews. Stroke frequency, work output, and heart rates were used to assess rowing fitness and to compare min-by-min performance of the selected and unselected trialists. Throughout the duration of the test, the Junior and Olympic selected oarsmen demonstrated a greater ability to tolerate this type of heavy work than did the unselected oarsmen. The Colt trialists were relatively homogeneous and their subgroup differences did not reach significance. In comparison to earlier work using a similar sample, the present data indicate a general increase in rowing ability.     

Comparison of three methods of estimating energy expenditure: caltrac, heart rate, and video analysis

This study examined the accuracy of a new device (Caltrac) in estimating energy expenditure via acceleration measurements. Energy expenditure of 20 high school students during basketball class activity (average length = 37 min) was estimated using the Caltrac, heart rate recording, and video analysis. Heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were determined from heart rate, caloric expenditure curves, and an activity rating scale, respectively. The following estimates of caloric expenditure (M +/- SD) were found: heart rate recording = 196 +/- 73 greater than Caltrac = 163 +/- 49 greater than film analysis = 123 +/- 30 kcal (p less than .05). Laboratory simulations of the basketball activity revealed that the Caltrac energy expenditure was not significantly different from the actual energy expenditure (p greater than .05). The heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were significantly (p less than .05) higher and lower, respectively, than the actual energy expenditure. The Caltrac is a lightweight, low-cost device that provides a relatively accurate estimate of energy expenditure in free-ranging activities, such as basketball.     

Reliability of heart rate responses at given ratings of perceived exertion in cycling and walking

Eleven healthy men (M age = 27 years, SD = 4) completed three cycling and three walking trials in an alternating order. During each trial, participants were allowed, within 3 min, to adjust the work rate to correspond to given rating of perceived exertion (RPE) values according to the following order: RPE 11, 13, and 15. For cycling as well as walking, at each RPE there were no significant differences between mean heart rate responses across the three trials (p > .05). Mode-specific estimates for heart rate intraclass correlation coefficient and coefficient of variation ranged between .80 and .91, and 5.6% and 8.3%, respectively. This study provides absolute reliability estimates for heart rate responses when using RPE in a production format and suggests there may be RPE- (and mode) specific practice requirements for achieving a reliable heart rate response at a given RPE.     

Heart rates of high school physical education students during team sports, individual sports, and fitness activities

This study examined how activity type influenced heart rates and time spent in target heart rate zones of high school students participating in physical education classes. Significantly higher average heart rates existed for fitness (142 +/- 24 beats per minute [bpm]) compared to team (118 +/- 24 bpm) or individual (114 +/- 18) activities. Similar results occurred for the percentage of activity time spent within a target heart rate zone (fitness 81.7 +/- 15.9%, individual 68.4 +/- 30.5%, and team 60.6 +/- 30.5%). Boys attained higher heart rates during team activities, while female students had higher rates during individual activities indicating male and female adolescents respond differently to activity types. The highest mean heart rates were observed during fitness activities.     

Comparison of Three Methods of Estimating Energy Expenditure: Caltrac,Heart Rate,and Video Analysis

Abstract

This study examined the accuracy of a new device (Caltrac) in estimating energy expenditure via acceleration measurements. Energy expenditure of 20 high school students during basketball class activity (average length = 37 min) was estimated using the Caltrac, heart rate recording, and video analysis. Heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were determined from heart rate, caloric expenditure curves, and an activity rating scale, respectively. The following estimates of caloric expenditure (M ± SD) were found: heart rate recording = 196 ±73 > Caltrac = 163 ±49 > film analysis = 123 ± 30 kcal (p < .05). Laboratory simulations of the basketball activity revealed that the Caltrac energy expenditure was not significantly different from the actual energy expenditure (p > .05). The heart rate recording and video analysis estimates of energy expenditure were significantly (p < .05) higher and lower, respectively, than the actual energy expenditure. The Caltrac is a lightweight, low-cost device that provides a relatively accurate estimate of energy expenditure in free-ranging activities, such as basketball.     

Comparative evaluation of heart rate-based monitors: Apple Watch vs Fitbit Charge HR

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the validity of energy expenditure (EE), steps, and heart rate measured with the Apple Watch 1 and Fitbit Charge HR. Thirty-nine healthy adults wore the two monitors while completing a semi-structured activity protocol consisting of 20 minutes of sedentary activity, 25 minutes of aerobic exercise, and 25 minutes of light intensity physical activity. Criterion measures were obtained from an Oxycon Mobile for EE, a pedometer for steps, and a Polar heart rate strap worn on the chest for heart rate. For estimating whole-trial EE, the mean absolute percent error (MAPE) from Fitbit Charge HR (32.9%) was more than twice that of Apple Watch 1 (15.2%). This trend was consistent for the individual conditions. Both monitors accurately assessed steps during aerobic activity (MAPE_Apple: 6.2%; MAPE_Fitbit: 9.4%) but overestimated steps in light physical activity. For heart rate, Fitbit Charge HR produced its smallest MAPE in sedentary behaviors (7.2%), followed by aerobic exercise (8.4%), and light activity (10.1%). The Apple Watch 1 had stronger validity than the Fitbit Charge HR for assessing overall EE and steps during aerobic exercise. The Fitbit Charge HR provided heart rate estimates that were statistically equivalent to Polar monitor.     

Accuracy of an infrared LED device to measure heart rate and energy expenditure during rest and exercise

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of the ePulse Personal Fitness Assistant, a forearm-worn device that provides measures of heart rate and estimates energy expenditure. Forty-six participants engaged in 4-minute periods of standing, 2.0 mph walking, 3.5 mph walking, 4.5 mph jogging, and 6.0 mph running. Heart rate and energy expenditure were simultaneously recorded at 60-second intervals using the ePulse, an electrocardiogram (EKG), and indirect calorimetry. The heart rates obtained from the ePulse were highly correlated (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] ≥0.85) with those from the EKG during all conditions. The typical errors progressively increased with increasing exercise intensity but were <5 bpm only during rest and 2.0 mph. Energy expenditure from the ePulse was poorly correlated with indirect calorimetry (ICCs: 0.01-0.36) and the typical errors for energy expenditure ranged from 0.69-2.97 kcal · min(-1), progressively increasing with exercise intensity. These data suggest that the ePulse Personal Fitness Assistant is a valid device for monitoring heart rate at rest and low-intensity exercise, but becomes less accurate as exercise intensity increases. However, it does not appear to be a valid device to estimate energy expenditure during exercise.     

The relationships between self-assessed habitual physical activity and non-invasive measures of cardiac autonomic modulation in young healthy volunteers

Heart rate variability estimates cardiac autonomic modulation, but the relationship between habitual physical activity and heart rate variability remains unclear. The aims of this study were to compare RR-interval and heart rate variability indices in individuals of different habitual physical activity levels, and examine the relationship between habitual physical activity and heart rate variability. Ninety-two healthy volunteers (47 men, 45 women; mean age 23.1 years, s = 2.1) were divided into tertiles according to the Baecke Questionnaire score. Standard heart rate variability indices were derived from 5-min resting RR-interval recordings with paced respiration (0.25 Hz). Between-group differences and the relationship between habitual physical activity and heart rate variability were assessed. More active participants (tertiles 2-3) had longer RR-intervals than those in tertile 1 (P < 0.05). Participants in tertile 2 had higher root mean squared differences of successive normal RR-intervals than those in tertile 1 and a higher standard deviation of normal RR-intervals than those in tertiles 1 and 3. There was a positive linear relationship between habitual activity and RR-interval. Differing RR-interval lengths were found in subgroups of young individuals according to level of habitual physical activity. More active individuals showed resting bradycardia without evidence of enhanced cardiac parasympathetic modulation. The mechanism linking habitual physical activity and RR-interval length appears to be independent of physiological mechanisms that can be measured by heart rate variability.     

Accuracy of an infrared LED device to measure heart rate and energy expenditure during rest and exercise

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine the accuracy of the ePulse Personal Fitness Assistant, a forearm-worn device that provides measures of heart rate and estimates energy expenditure. Forty-six participants engaged in 4-minute periods of standing, 2.0 mph walking, 3.5 mph walking, 4.5 mph jogging, and 6.0 mph running. Heart rate and energy expenditure were simultaneously recorded at 60-second intervals using the ePulse, an electrocardiogram (EKG), and indirect calorimetry. The heart rates obtained from the ePulse were highly correlated (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] ≥0.85) with those from the EKG during all conditions. The typical errors progressively increased with increasing exercise intensity but were <5 bpm only during rest and 2.0 mph. Energy expenditure from the ePulse was poorly correlated with indirect calorimetry (ICCs: 0.01–0.36) and the typical errors for energy expenditure ranged from 0.69–2.97 kcal · min^?1, progressively increasing with exercise intensity. These data suggest that the ePulse Personal Fitness Assistant is a valid device for monitoring heart rate at rest and low-intensity exercise, but becomes less accurate as exercise intensity increases. However, it does not appear to be a valid device to estimate energy expenditure during exercise.     

Physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in different racing classes to prolonged exercise

The aims of this study were to examine and compare selected physiological and metabolic responses of wheelchair athletes in two paraplegic racing classes [T3: n = 8 (lesion levels T1-T7; paraplegics); T4: n = 9 (lesion levels below T7; paraplegics)] to prolonged exercise. In addition, we describe the responses of three tetraplegic athletes [T2: n = 3 (lesion levels C6/C7: tetraplegics)]. Twenty athletes completed 90 min of exercise at 75% VO2peak on a motorized treadmill adapted for wheelchairs. The mean (+/- s) heart rates of the T3 and T4 racing classes were 165 +/- 2 and 172 +/- 6 beats.min-1, respectively. For the T4 racing class, heart rate gradually increased during the test (P < 0.05), whereas for the T3 racing class, heart rate reached a plateau after an initial increase. The mean heart rate of the tetraplegics was 114 +/- 3 beats.min-1. The T3 and T4 classes exhibited similar respiratory exchange ratios, plasma lactate and glucose concentrations throughout the test. For both the T3 and T4 racing class, free fatty acid, glycerol, ammonia, urea and potassium concentrations had increased from resting values by the end of the test (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that endurance-trained wheelchair athletes are able to maintain velocities equivalent to the same relative exercise intensity (75% VO2peak) for prolonged periods irrespective of lesion level.     

A comparison of physiological responses to rowing on friction-loaded and air-braked ergometers

The physiological responses of 10 trained rowers to a progressive incremental rowing protocol to exhaustion were investigated on Gjessing, Rowperfect fixed-mechanism and Rowperfect free-mechanism rowing ergometers. Heart rate, oxygen uptake (VO2), ventilation (VE) and blood lactate were determined at matched power values for each ergometer. The mean power and heart rate at the lactate anaerobic threshold were determined by graphical interpolation of data for each ergometer. Analysis of variance and linear regression showed differing responses at matched power and an approximate 40-50 W difference in power at the lactate anaerobic threshold when comparing the friction-loaded Gjessing with the air-braked Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free ergometers (P<0.01). No significant differences were noted when comparing the air-braked Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free ergometers. However, comparisons of VO2, VE and blood lactate at given heart rates and of heart rate at the lactate anaerobic threshold showed no significant differences between ergometers. Our results indicate similar physiological profiles for all ergometers tested when compared at equivalent heart rates, but differences when compared at matched power. A direct comparison of the data from Gjessing (friction-loaded) with Rowperfect fixed and Rowperfect free (air-braked) ergometers would therefore require a correction factor for inter-ergometer variation in displayed power data.     

Relative Strenuousness of Selected Sports as Performed by Women

Abstract

Women participants in archery, badminton, basketball, bowling, golf, hockey, Softball, tennis, and volleyball were tested to determine the relative strenuousness of these sports. The subjects' heart beats were telemetered during participation in each sport, and estimates of their ventilation and oxygen uptake for each activity were determined from data collected in the laboratory.

Mean heart rates, oxygen uptake and VO₂ per kilogram of body weight were calculated for each subject in each sport. Comparisons were made to determine which activities demanded the greatest energy expenditure.

Heart rates ranging from a mean of 85 beats/min. in bowling to a mean of 185 beats/min. for the roving player in basketball were recorded. The energy expenditure of the roving player in basketball was similar to that of the center halfback in hockey; these two positions required a significantly greater O₂ uptake than the positions tested in all other sports. Play in these positions was classified as heavy activity.

The non-roving positions of forward and guard in basketball, badminton, tennis, Softball (pitcher), and volleyball were rated as moderate activity. Golf, archery, and bowling were categorized as light activity in terms of energy expenditure.     

A Proposed Test for Determining Physical Working Capacity at the Heart Rate Threshold

Abstract

Forty-four subjects were given an all-out run test on a motor driven treadmill. The times for attaining heart rates of 150, 160, 170, 180 beats per minute were recorded along with measurements of ventilation, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide production. The correlations between heart rate times and the all-out run times increased with the heart rate, a correlation of .85 calculated at the rate of 180 beats per minute. Using criteria established by Balke, it was demonstrated that the 180 heart rate serves as a valid cut-off point in measuring circulorespiratory capacity under variable exercise stress conditions.     

省青少年篮球比赛中裁判员临场运动强度的研究

目的：本次研究拟测量不同级另0篮球裁判员在省青少年比赛中的心率数据,研究分析篮球裁判员在比赛中的心率分布特征,以了解其运动强度大小和特点。验证实验的可行性,为今后更深入的研究提供理论依据。对象及方法：在江苏省青少年篮球比赛期间,使用遥测心率表记录21名不同级别裁判员比赛中的心率。结果：实验得出篮球裁判员在省青少年比赛中平均心率主要分布于130—149次／分之间,约占总体的59％;裁判员在比赛中的最高心率超过200次／分以上者最多（约33％）。使用Karvone公式法评定时,半数以上裁判员的平均运动强度处于50％-69％的区间。最大心率法与Karvone公式法在评定时存在偏差,Karvolle公式法更客观的反映临场运动强度。     

生化指标在不同距离全速跑中的应用

目的:为进一步研究100m、400m和1500m三种不同全速跑后血乳酸和心率的变化,选取同一年级同一班共六名志愿者参与本实验。方法:分别记录六名受试者全速跑完100m、400m、1 500m运动前和运动后3min的血乳酸值和心率值。结果:两名受试者进行100m无氧运动后,血乳酸值和心率值均有所升高,但升高幅度较小,血乳酸值最高达7.6mmol/L,心率值最高达154b/min;四名受试者进行400m和1500m有氧运动后,血乳酸值和心率值升高幅度较大,血乳酸值最高达16.2mmol/L,心率值最高达192b/min。结论:人体内的血乳酸含量和心率大小随运动项目的负荷强度和运动持续时间的增加而增加,有氧运动前后血乳酸升高幅度明显高于无氧运动,而无氧运动前后心率升高幅度明显高于有氧运动。因此,可根据血乳酸值和心率值来评定人体运动的负荷强度。     

Influence of upright versus time trial cycling position on determination of critical power and W′ in trained cyclists

Body position is known to alter power production and affect cycling performance. The aim of this study was to compare mechanical power output in two riding positions, and to calculate the effects on critical power (CP) and W′ estimates. Seven trained cyclists completed three peak power output efforts and three fixed-duration trial (3-, 5- and 12-min) riding with their hands on the brake lever hoods (BLH), or in a time trial position (TTP). A repeated-measures analysis of variance showed that mean power output during the 5-min trial was significantly different between BLH and TTP positions, resulting in a significantly lower estimate of CP, but not W′, for the TTP trial. In addition, TTP decreased the performance during each trial and increased the percentage difference between BLH and TTP with greater trial duration. There were no differences in pedal cadence or heart rate during the 3-min trial; however, TTP results for the 12-min trial showed a significant fall in pedal cadence and a significant rise in heart rate. The findings suggest that cycling position affects power output and influences consequent CP values. Therefore, cyclists and coaches should consider the cycling position used when calculating CP.     

Benefits of achieving vigorous as well as moderate physical activity recommendations: evidence from heart rate complexity and cardiac vagal modulation

The aim of this study was to examine differences in traditional heart rate variability measurements and heart rate complexity (sample entropy) in young adults grouped by objectively measured achievement of either moderate or both moderate and vigorous physical activity recommendations. Of 168 young adults tested (86 females, 82 males; age 20.5 ± 1.2 years), 119 achieved only recommendations for moderate physical activity (moderate group) and 49 achieved recommendations for both moderate and vigorous physical activity (vigorous group). Analysis of covariance controlling for sex, weekly minutes of moderate physical activity, and percentage of body fat was used to assess between-group differences in heart rate variability and heart rate complexity. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the group characteristics that best predicted high heart rate complexity and vagal indices of heart rate variability. The majority of the autonomic measures were higher (P < 0.05) in the vigorous group, and regression analysis showed that vigorous physical activity was the only multivariate predictor of higher heart rate complexity and higher heart rate variability. Young adults engaged in regular vigorous physical activity were more than twice as likely to have high heart rate complexity than those involved in predominantly moderate exercise. These findings suggest that vigorous physical activity is more closely associated with high heart rate complexity than moderate physical activity in young adults.     

相对运动强度与绝对运动强度对血清酶活性的影响

目的探讨相对运动强度和绝对运动强度对血清酶活性变化的影响。实验方法受试者为急性心肌梗塞康复病人(PMIP)和正常人(HS) ,实验前后测定了他们血清乳酸脱氢酶(L DH)、乳酸脱氢酶同工酶1(L DH- 1)、肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶亚单位MB(CK- MB)活性。结果两组受试者运动前酶的活性均无显著差异(P>0 .0 5 ) ;实验中,PMIP与HS的相对强度分别为最大心率的85 .1%、86 .0 % (P>0 .0 5 ) ,绝对强度分别为跑台等级的5 .3与6 .3(P<0 .0 5 ) ,PMIP与HS运动后即刻酶活性与运动前相比均有显著上升(P<0 .0 5 ) ,但两组间无显著差异(P>0 .0 5 ) ,2 4 h后HS组的酶活性基本恢复到运动前水平,但PMIP组仍高于运动前水平。结论运动后酶活性上升的幅度与运动所达到的相对强度有关;强度达85 % HRmax的运动能引起血清酶活性的升高,但此时L DH- 1/L DH和CK- MB/CK的比值与运动前相比无明显变化;如果PMIP的康复运动量等同于测试中的运动量,他们第2天似应停止活动以便能够得到充分的恢复。     

Prediction of energy expenditure from heart rate monitoring during submaximal exercise

The aims of this study were to quantify the effects of factors such as mode of exercise, body composition and training on the relationship between heart rate and physical activity energy expenditure (measured in kJ x min(-1)) and to develop prediction equations for energy expenditure from heart rate. Regularly exercising individuals (n = 115; age 18-45 years, body mass 47-120 kg) underwent a test for maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max test), using incremental protocols on either a cycle ergometer or treadmill; VO2max ranged from 27 to 81 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1). The participants then completed three steady-state exercise stages on either the treadmill (10 min) or the cycle ergometer (15 min) at 35%, 62% and 80% of VO2max, corresponding to 57%, 77% and 90% of maximal heart rate. Heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio data were collected during each stage. A mixed-model analysis identified gender, heart rate, weight, V2max and age as factors that best predicted the relationship between heart rate and energy expenditure. The model (with the highest likelihood ratio) was used to estimate energy expenditure. The correlation coefficient (r) between the measured and estimated energy expenditure was 0.913. The model therefore accounted for 83.3% (R2) of the variance in energy expenditure in this sample. Because a measure of fitness, such as VO2max, is not always available, a model without VO2max included was also fitted. The correlation coefficient between the measured energy expenditure and estimates from the mixed model without VO2max was 0.857. It follows that the model without a fitness measure accounted for 73.4% of the variance in energy expenditure in this sample. Based on these results, we conclude that it is possible to estimate physical activity energy expenditure from heart rate in a group of individuals with a great deal of accuracy, after adjusting for age, gender, body mass and fitness.     

Benefits of achieving vigorous as well as moderate physical activity recommendations: Evidence from heart rate complexity and cardiac vagal modulation

Abstract

The aim of this study was to examine differences in traditional heart rate variability measurements and heart rate complexity (sample entropy) in young adults grouped by objectively measured achievement of either moderate or both moderate and vigorous physical activity recommendations. Of 168 young adults tested (86 females, 82 males; age 20.5 ± 1.2 years), 119 achieved only recommendations for moderate physical activity (moderate group) and 49 achieved recommendations for both moderate and vigorous physical activity (vigorous group). Analysis of covariance controlling for sex, weekly minutes of moderate physical activity, and percentage of body fat was used to assess between-group differences in heart rate variability and heart rate complexity. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the group characteristics that best predicted high heart rate complexity and vagal indices of heart rate variability. The majority of the autonomic measures were higher (P < 0.05) in the vigorous group, and regression analysis showed that vigorous physical activity was the only multivariate predictor of higher heart rate complexity and higher heart rate variability. Young adults engaged in regular vigorous physical activity were more than twice as likely to have high heart rate complexity than those involved in predominantly moderate exercise. These findings suggest that vigorous physical activity is more closely associated with high heart rate complexity than moderate physical activity in young adults.