高山滑雪运动中技能学习过程的心理学研究

高山滑雪运动是随着我国经济的高速发展,人民生活水平的不断提高,为了满足人民日益增长的物质与文化需求逐步发展起来的。其运动适合各个年龄阶段的人群,具有广泛的普及特点。对于滑雪运动者来讲,高山滑雪有其独特的运动特点与技术形成过程,在掌握高山滑雪运动的过程中,心理因素对滑雪者的技能形成过程具有重要的影响作用。研究旨在探讨影响高山滑雪运动中技能学习过程中的心理学问题,以便为更好、更快地促进高山滑雪运动的普及和开展提供一定的理论建议和帮助。     

高山滑雪初学者教学浅析

高山滑雪是适合于不同年龄段人参加冬季健身运动的娱乐体育项目，深受广大滑雪爱好的喜爱。对于滑雪初学来说，如何较快地掌握滑雪运动技能，预防运动损伤，培养滑雪乐趣，达到健身娱乐的目的，是人们非常关注的问题。对高山滑雪的教学内容、教学组织形式、预防运动损伤及教学指导要点加以分析和探讨，旨在培养滑雪的兴趣和积极性，进一步普及高山滑雪运动，吸引更多的滑雪运动爱好。     

浅析高山滑雪基本技术速成教学法

从多年教学实践中摸索出一种高山滑雪基本技术速成教学法,累计10学时就能掌握高山滑雪的基本技术,达到较好的教学效果。此种方法的提出为高校教学和普及群众滑雪运动提供了有价值的途径。     

第24届大冬会的成功举办对我国高山滑雪运动的促进作用

通过对我国高山滑雪运动现状的分析,指出目前我国高山滑雪运动存在政府和有关部门对雪上项目的投入有待提高、宣传力度不够使人们对高山滑雪运动认识不足、经费短缺与开展高山滑雪运动需较高投入存在矛盾以及缺乏完善高山滑雪后备人才培养体制等问题,并总结出大冬会改善了地方经济、扩大了高山滑雪运动的社会影响、增加了政府对高山滑雪运动项目的经济投入、改善了我国高山滑雪运动硬件设施、有助于完善高山滑雪运动人才培养体制、有利于推广普及高山滑雪运动、有利于教练员提高执教水平等促进项目发展的途径,为高山滑雪项目的快速发展提供理论依据。     

基于人类学视域管窥世界高山滑雪运动地域性特征研究

采用比较分析、文献资料与逻辑分析等方法,基于人类学的文化理论特征及学科方法对世界高山滑雪运动的地域性特征进行研究。研究认为,高山滑雪运动是在特定的历史机缘和地域中产生的;地域性特征差异可以合理地解释世界各地高山滑雪运动发展不平衡的原因。在高山滑雪运动的发展过程中,应重视地域性特征带来的影响;充分认识、研究并汲取高山滑雪运动在阿尔卑斯山板块及其他板块国家良好发展的地域性特征;充分发挥我国在高山滑雪项目发展进程中拥有的“天时”“地利”“人和”的显著优势,以期在我国举办冬季奥运会的契机下推动高山滑雪运动发展。     

竞技高山滑雪运动交换区及回转动作技术原理

技术因素是制约我国竞技高山滑雪运动水平提高的一个主要因素。为加快我国竞技高山滑雪运动技术水平的发展,通过理论研究和运动实践等方法,从运动生物力学的角度出发,对竞技高山滑雪回转中轨迹交换区进行设定,并对回转技术的基本坐标系及滑雪板的受力情况进行分析,进一步探讨了交换区的滑行技术动作,提出了交换区和滑行姿态应是等腰三角形或椎体型运动姿态等理论,以期为提高高山滑雪运动员的技术水平和训练效果提供一定的参考。     

体育院校滑雪专业学生的身体素质训练

良好的身体素质是滑雪者从事滑雪运动的前提和保障,通过文献资料法和观察法,结合高山滑雪运动的特点指出身体素质对于专项技术学习是非常重要的,并总结出各素质的训练原则和方法。认为在教学训练中,要合理地安排一般身体素质训练和专项身体素质训练,选择身体素质训练手段应力求与滑雪技术动作形式和生物力学特征相适应,身体素质训练在整个训练中所占的比重,以及一般身体素质训练和专项身体素质训练的比例的确定要因时、因人而异。     

高山滑雪中的可倒式回转技术

技术因素是制约我国竞技高山滑雪运动水平提高的一个主要因素.为加快我国竞技高山滑雪运动技术水平的发展,通过理论研究和运动实践等方法,从运动生物力学的角度出发,对竞技高山滑雪可倒式回转进行设定,并对回转技术的基本坐标系及滑雪板的受力情况进行分析,进一步探讨了交换区的滑行技术动作,提出了交换区和滑行姿态应是等腰三角形或椎体型运动姿态等理论,以期为提高高山滑雪运动员的技术水平和训练效果提供一定的参考。     

高山滑雪技术课教学中学生恐惧心理的产生原因及措施

以学生产生恐惧的心理学机制为出发点,分析总结了高山滑雪过程中的多种恐惧心理现象的产生原因,认为学生恐惧心理的产生与其身体素质、意志品质、教师在教学中使用的言行不当以及滑雪板长度,选用雪场坡度关系密切;针对高山滑雪运动特点,提出了在教学过程中帮助学生克服恐惧心理的具体的方法和手段。     

意向置换教学在滑雪课中的应用

目的：滑雪是一项难度高、危险性大的体育运动,如何提高教学和训练质量,使初学者能在短时间内,以最快的速度牢固地掌握滑雪运动技术是滑雪教学中首要解决的问题。方法：通过文献资料法、现场访谈法、教育实验法和数理统计法对意向置换教学运用于滑雪教学和训练进行探讨。结果：通过实验对比,反复变换练习条件、练习内容、时间和强度,实验组在牢固掌握滑雪运动技能、消除恐惧心理和场地的适应能力上均明显好于对照组。结论：意向置换教学是教学规定与个性发展融为一体,符合教学规律,具有可行性。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

青少年业余足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型初探

根据Scanlan等人最新提出的运动倾向性理论模型,结合我国实际情况建立了青少年足球运动员运动倾向性5因素结构模型。运动倾向性被定义为:渴望和决心继续参加足球运动的心理状态。所建立的5因素结构模型认为,运动倾向性是由运动乐趣、参与选择、个人投入、社会约束及参与机会5个因素决定。经确定5个决定因素和运动倾向性的操作定义,编制了相应调查问卷,通过对北京市252名青少年足球运动员实测结果,建立运动倾向性及其影响因素的协方差结构模型,用Lisre 18分析的结果表明:该运动倾向性模型比较符合北京青少年足球运动员。其中运动乐趣、个人投入、参与机会和参与选择4因素对运动倾向性有影响;社会约束对运动倾向性影响不大。     

Effect of 6 weeks of endurance training on the lactate minimum speed

The aim of this study was to assess the sensitivity of the lactate minimum speed test to changes in endurance fitness resulting from a 6 week training intervention. Sixteen participants (mean +/- s :age 23 +/- 4 years;body mass 69.7 +/- 9.1 kg) completed 6 weeks of endurance training. Another eight participants (age 23 +/- 4 years; body mass 72.7 +/-12.5 kg) acted as non-training controls. Before and after the training intervention, all participants completed: (1) a standard multi-stage treadmill test for the assessment of VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold and running speed at a reference blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 ; and (2) the lactate minimum speed test, which involved two supramaximal exercise bouts and an 8 min walking recovery period to increase blood lactate concentration before the completion of an incremental treadmill test. Additionally, a subgroup of eight participants from the training intervention completed a series of constant-speed runs for determination of running speed at the maximal lactate steady state. The test protocols were identical before and after the 6 week intervention. The control group showed no significant changes in VO 2max , running speed at the lactate threshold, running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 or the lactate minimum speed.In the training group, there was a significant increase in VO 2max (from 47.9 +/- 8.4 to 52.2 +/- 2.7 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ), running speed at the maximal lactate steady state (from 13.3 +/- 1.7 to 13.9 +/- 1.6 km.h -1 ), running speed at the lactate threshold (from 11.2 +/- 1.8 to 11.9 +/- 1.8 km.h -1 ) and running speed at a blood lactate concentration of 3 mmol.l -1 (from 12.5 +/- 2.2 to 13.2 +/- 2.1 km.h -1 ) (all P ? 0.05). Despite these clear improvements in aerobic fitness, there was no significant difference in lactate minimum speed after the training intervention (from 11.0 +/- 0.7 to 10.9 +/- 1.7 km.h -1 ). The results demonstrate that the lactate minimum speed,when assessed using the same exercise protocol before and after 6 weeks of aerobic exercise training, is not sensitive to changes in endurance capacity.