The design and evaluation of Link: A computer-based learning system for correlation

This paper describes the design and evaluation of a computer-assisted learning program called Link , which was designed to be used by psychology students to review their understanding of correlation. Unlike existing computer-assisted learning programs that were reviewed, Link makes use of data from authentic research studies in psychology and provides learner activities that are specifically designed to address students' misconceptions about correlation. A summative evaluation study of Link involving fifty psychology students was carried out to assess the effect on students' understanding of correlation. It was found that the use of Link significantly contributed to students' general understanding of correlation. However, it was found that students use of paper-based instructional materials could also achieve this. The implication of this research outcome is considered in relation to the design and use of computer-assisted learning applications for statistics in higher education.     

自主学习型多媒体课件的设计

获得全国多媒体课件大赛一等奖的《After Effects影视后期合成》多媒体课件提出利用建构主义和案例驱动教学法指导课件设计,并通过多媒体技术将学习内容展示给学习者,使学习者能够主动参与到学习过程中,同时还可以对相关的技能及时进行实践并加以掌握,制作多媒体课件过程中还普遍存在信息过多等问题。     

Instructional design for distance learning

An intrinsic link exists between instructional design (ID) and distance learning (DL). Their inextricability in the real world raises specific problems of interest in the field of ID. In no other teaching/learning situation is ID so essential as in DL. The conditions of DL make it a necessity to have long-term instructional planning, cost analysis, curriculum and course development, instructional materials development and maintenance, delivery plans, and detailed evaluation rules. Without all of these components, DL simply could not happen. It took some time for this neccessity to be acknowledged, as can be seen in the history of DL. However, ID becomes even more critical as increasingly costly and complex means are used. Conditions of learning have special features in DL, such as the role of media, since the professor, teacher or instructor is replaced by media for either transmitting information or for organizing learning activities. In this paper, the term distance learning will be used to mean media-based, remote or asynchronous learning supported by an instructional system. This paper introduces general features of DL and examines essential aspects of ID for DL, with special emphasis on ID methodologies and on media selection.     

Instructional design for situated learning

The design of situated learning must be closely linked to the ecological psychology of situated cognition, as exemplified by problem solving in a complex situated context, the Jasper Series. The extreme view of situated learning contends thatall thinking must be viewed as situated, and is therefore better explained by concepts of perception and action than by the concepts of information processing psychology. In this article, ideas of ecological psychology provide the background for describing four broad tasks for the design of situated learning: selecting the situations, providing scaffolding, determining and supporting the role of the teacher, and assessing situated learning. Further, three metrics for evaluating situated learning are suggested: affording transfer, providing meaning, and providing an anchor for cross-curricular investigation.     

基于网络的协作式虚拟学习环境设计

本文探讨了设计网络协作学习时虚拟学习环境的重要性,具体阐述了如何创设网络协作学习的虚拟学习环境．并且从三个方面提出了虚拟学习环境创设的原则。     

The design and evaluation of hypertext structures for supporting design problem solving

Computer-based complex information systems are used increasingly more often, for a growing variety of purposes, in both educational and professional contexts. Since the effectiveness of information systems will largely depend on the particular purpose and the particular task context at hand, at least part of our research efforts should be directed at studying specific application areas. This paper reports a study on the use of hypertext information systems during architectural-design problem solving. Theoretical notions on design problem solving, such as distinguishing between a problem-structuring and a problem-solving phase, provide us with expectations about the changing informational needs during the design process. Specific information structures are proposed, incorporating design principles from learning research, to accommodate these informational needs. Results of an empirical study indeed showed interactions between design phase and information structure when separately inspecting the outcomes for problem structuring and problem solving. Educational implications include the use of a combination of hierarchical decomposition and cross-referencing for certain instructional goals, such as teaching complexity and abstraction.     

The crucial role of theoretical scholarship for learning design and technology

Educational technology research and development -     

大学自主学习的评估方法探析

自主学习能力是当今大学生必须具备的能力之一,但甚少有关于自主学习评估的研究。准确地对学习者的自主学习进行评估,才能为将来自主学习的发展提供正确的参考。所以,基于自主学习评估的重要性,本文从将自主学习视为能力的评估方法和将自主学习视为学习活动的评估方法两个方向进行探析,并以大学英语自主学习为例,希为自主学习评估开辟新的研究途径。     

Utilization of design principles for hybrid learning configurations by interprofessional design teams

Educational design research yields design knowledge, often in the form of design principles or guidelines that provide the rationale or ‘know-why’ for the design of educational interventions. As such, design principles can be utilized by designers in contexts other than the research context in which they were generated. Although research has shown that quality support is important for design success, less is known about processes that promote utilization of design principles as the rationale for instructional design. In this study we therefore explored an intervention for promoting the utilization of a set of research-based design principles in educational practice. This intervention aimed to promote utilization through enhancing perceived usefulness of the design principles by design teams in various contexts. The set of design principles that was utilized by the design teams in this study underpins the design of so-called hybrid learning configurations that are situated at the interface between school and workplace. The intervention was developed from the perspective of boundary crossing theory and was conducted with four different design teams. It was evaluated by way of a questionnaire and a dialogue with members of the design teams. This boundary crossing intervention appeared to bring about the desired outcomes. Most of the design team members considered the set of design principles useful in several different ways and they expected that utilization of the principles would lead to an improved learning configuration.     

The role of context in learning and instructional design

Context is a pervasive and potent force in any learning event. Yet instructional design models contain little guidance about how to accommodate contextual elements to improve learning and transfer. This paper defines context, outlines its levels and types, specifies some pertinent contextual factors within these types, suggests methods for conducting a contextual analysis and utilizing its results for instructional design, and outlines future issues for context-based instructional design. The incorporation of a contextual approach to instruction will make our design models systemic as well as systematic.     

英语微导学案的研究与设计

通过对英语导学案的设计与应用现状的研究,分析其存在的主要问题,从认知心理学的角度出发,以建构主义理论和多元智能理论为基础,提出微导学案的设计原则和主要组成构件,通过实例说明微导学案的设计并突出微导学案的比较优势,旨在真正提高教师导学的实效性和学生的自主学习能力。     

The importance of design in learning from node-link diagrams

Diagrams organize by location. They give spatial cues for finding and recognizing information and for making inferences. In education, diagrams are often used to help students understand and recall information. This study assessed the influence of perceptual cues on reading behavior and subsequent retention. Eighty-two participants were assigned to one of four versions of a node-link diagram. The diagram consisted of header cells on the left and on top. These header cells organized the information in the body cells, which were connected by arrows. We used a between-subjects design with diagram orientation (header types on top or on the left) and cues orientation (arrows top–down or left–right) as independent variables. Reading process was measured through eye-tracking. Learning performance was assessed with a post test. The results showed that perceptual cues and header content had an additive effect on reading behavior. The reading patterns were strongest when the arrows and category headers both pointed in the same direction. This was reflected in recall. Participants performed better on post-test questions oriented on categories.     

An instructional design framework for authentic learning environments

The instructional technology community is in the midst of a philosophical shift from a behaviorist to a constructivist framework, a move that may begin to address the growing rift between formal school learning and real-life learning. One theory of learning that has the capacity to promote authentic learning is that of situated learning. The purpose of this three-part study was first, to identify critical characteristics of a situated learning environment from the extensive literature base on the subject; second, to operationalize the critical characteristics of a situated learning environment by designing a multimedia program that incorporated the identified characteristics; and third, to investigate students' perceptions of their experiences using a multimedia package based on a situated learning framework. The learning environment, for preservice teachers, comprised a multimedia program on assessment in mathematics together with recommended implementation conditions for the classroom. Eight students were observed and interviewed to explore their perceptions of the situated learning environment. Findings suggest that the use of the situated learning framework provided effective instructional design guidelines for the design of an environment for the acquisition of advanced knowledge. Since 1992, as a Senior Instructional Designer, she has worked principally in multimedia and Web-based projects. He has been teaching with, and researching innovative uses of, instructional technologies in secondary schools and universities for the past 20 years. The authors would like to thank Professor Tom Reeves for his encouragement and support, and to acknowledge the significant role he has played in the development of our ideas and research direction.     

有感德国职业教育对学生学习的评价

本文介绍了德国职业教育对学生非专业能力的评价和对学生学习领域的评价,谈了德国职业教对学生学习评价的体会,以引起我国职业院校在学生学习评价方面作为借鉴。     

Levels of experience: an exploration for learning design

The purpose of this paper is to introduce an organizer that I developed while working at the Institute for Educational Research in Jyväskylä, Finland.1 While I have referred to it in an earlier paper (Bopry, ), I have not formally described it in a published article. The organizer is based on my understanding of second order cybernetic theory, in particular the enactive theories of Humberto Maturana and Francisco Varela. It has helped me analyse instructional situations and has informed my practice. My task in this paper is to describe the organizer, relate it to the theoretical framework from which it has emerged and provide a warrant for its use in the field of educational technology. While I shall provide examples of how the organizer has been used, an extensive elaboration of its potential for learning design will appear in a second paper.

Les niveaux d’expérience: une exploration visant à l’apprentissage du « design »

Le but de cette étude est de présenter un organiseur que j’ai mis au point pendant que je travaillais à l’Institut de Recherche Educative de Jyväskylä en Finlande.1 Academy of Finland grant no. 37189. Je l’avais mentionné dans un article précédent (Bopry, 1998) mais je ne l’avais pas décrit de façon formelle dans un article destiné à la publication. Cet organiseur se fonde sur ma compréhension de la théorie cybernétique du deuxième ordre et en particulier des théories d’accomplissement de Humberto Maturana et de Francisco Varela. C’est ce qui m’a aidée à analyser des situations pédagogiques et à enrichir ma pratique. Mon rôle dans cet article est de décrire l’organiseur, de le relier au cadre théorique d’où il est issu et de fournir des garanties pour son usage dans le domaine de la technologie éducative. Ici je fournirai des exemples de la façon dont cet organiseur a été utilisé et une étude plus vaste de ses possibilités en matière de design pédagogique paraîtra dans un deuxième article.

Erfahrungsniveaus: Eine Untersuchung für Unterrichtsentwürfe

Mit diesem Beitrag soll ein Organisator vorgestellt werden, den ich entwickelte, als ich am Institut für Bildungsforschung in Jyväskylä, Finnland arbeitete.¹ Während ich schon in einer früheren Arbeit (Bopry, 1998) darauf verwiesen habe, fehlt noch eine formelle Beschreibung in einem veröffentlichten Artikel. Der Organisator basiert auf meinem Verständnis der “second‐order cybernetic theory”, vor allem der “enactive theories” von Humberto Maturana und Francisco Varela. Er hat mir geholfen, Unterrichtssituationen zu analysieren und hat meine praktische Arbeit geprägt. Meine Aufgabe in diesem Papier ist, den Organisator zu beschreiben, ihn auf den theoretischen Rahmen zu beziehen, in dem er entstanden ist, und eine Anleitung zu seinem Gebrauch im Bereich der Bildungstechnologie zu liefern. Während ich Beispiele dafür beifügen werde, wie der Organisator verwendet worden ist, erscheint eine umfassende Darstellung seines Potentials für Unterrichtsentwürfe in einem zweiten Papier.