Removal of sulfamethoxazole by nanofiltration membrane

The retention of sulfamethoxazole （SMZ） by nanofiltration （NF） membranes is strongly influenced by the pH value of the solution. The retention of SMZ reaches its peak value when the solution pH rises above its PKa2 value as the compound transforms into a negatively charged species. Charge repulsion is the main mechanism involved in SMZ removal by NF membranes. In this study, the removal of SMZ by NF membranes, as a function of solution chemistry, was examined at pH 8.9 to investigate the effect of solution conditions on charge repulsion. The results show that the retention of negatively charged SMZ is relatively independent of SMZ concentration, and an increase in the ionic strength of the solution causes a relatively small reduction in retention. A small effect of humic acid （HA） on SMZ retention was noticed at pH 8.9, which can be explained by a small but insignificant improvement in the zeta potential of the membrane caused by HA at high pH values. However, it was found that SMZ concentration in the feed decreased significantly in solutions containing tannic acid （TA）. The Adams-Bohart model was applied to our experimental data and was found to be suitable for describing the initial part of the breakthrough curves. The adsorptive parameters of the membrane were determined.     

Simultaneous removal of cadmium and sulfamethoxazole from aqueous solution by rice straw biochar

The simultaneous sorption behavior and characteristics of cadmium (Cd) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) on rice straw biochar were investigated. Isotherms of Cd and SMX were well modeled by the Langmuir equation (R2 >0.95). The calculated maximum adsorption parameter (Q) of Cd was similar in single and binary systems (34129.69 and 35919.54 mg/kg, respectively). However, the Q of SMX in a binary system (9182.74 mg/kg) was much higher than that in a single system (1827.82 mg/kg). The presence of Cd significantly promoted the sorption of SMX on rice straw biochar. When the pH ranged from 3 to 7.5, the sorption of Cd had the characteristics of a parabola pattern with maximum adsorption at pH 5, while the adsorption quantity of SMX decreased with increasing pH, with maximum adsorption at pH 3. The amount of SMX adsorbed on biochar was positively correlated with the surface area of the biochar, and the maximum adsorption occurred with d 250 biochar (biochar with a diameter of 150-250 μm). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) showed that the removal of Cd and SMX by rice straw biochar may be attributed to precipitation and the formation of surface complexes between Cd or SMX and carboxyl or hydroxyl groups. The results of this study indicate that rice straw biochar has the potential for simultaneous removal of Cd and SMX from co-contaminated water.     

Effects of operative conditions on membrane fouling of jet loop membrane bioreactor

The orthogonal experiments, which involves three factors： aeration intensity, suction time and suction suspended time, were designed to research membrane fouling of jet loop membrane bioreactor （JLMBR）. Experimental results indicate that increasing aeration intensity, reducing suction time and increasing suction suspended time all could mitigate membrane fouling effectively. However excessive aeration intensity, too short suction time and excessive suction suspended time were bad for bioreactor running. The optimal aeration intensity, suction time and suction suspended time were 0.75 1.00 m3/（m2.h）, 8 -10 min and 4 -5 min, respectively. The three factors all had effect on membrane pollution rate, while the suction time was the most important one and followed by aeration intensity and suction suspended time. It also indicates that, comparing with traditional submerged membrane bioreactors, JLMBR had lower membrane pollution rate.     

Context specificity of sensory preconditioning: Implications for processes of within-event learning

A variant of the taste aversion procedure for sensory preconditioning, as used by Rescorla and Cunningham (1978), was employed in a study of the context dependency of within-event learning. In two experiments, rats received Phase 1 exposure to a simultaneous flavor compound, AX; flavor X was paired with illness during Phase 2, and any tendency for the resulting aversion to be elicited by A was measured. It was found that subjects were less likely to shun flavor A as a consequence of this training if the Phase 1 and test episodes were conducted in distinctively different contexts. This effect was evident both when the change of context occurred just before the test with flavor A (Experiment 1) and when it occurred before Phase 2 (Experiment 2). These results were taken to imply that, as is often found with serial associations, the retrieval of within-event associations is subject to contextual control. The implications of these findings for the interpretation of perceptual learning effects are discussed.     

Buddhist psychology, a theory of change processes: Implications for counsellors

As globalization increases the world becomes smaller and thereis a need for counsellors and psychologists to be prepared forprofessional practices with clients from diverse cultural backgrounds.Despite globalization, the distinction between eastern and westernpsychologies is in tact. To meet the goal of broadening ones frame of reference as a psychotherapist it is necessary to review theoriesof psychology from multiple cultural traditions.This paper will present Buddhist psychology, emphasising the Buddhistviews of human suffering, self, health, and dis-ease. The essentials of Buddhist psychology will be presented in a format that facilitates their application to psychotherapy. Finally, a case vignette illustratesthe author's application of the Buddhist principles.     

厌氧/缺氧/好氧-膜生物反应器对焦化废水中萘的去除研究

为了考察膜生物反应器(membrane bioreactor,MBR)对焦化废水中萘的去除特性,采用小试规模厌氧/缺氧/好氧-膜-生物反应器(A_1/A_2/O-MBR)系统处理实际焦化废水,研究了萘在A_1/A_2/O-MBR处理系统中的存在特性与去除效果。研究结果表:A_1/A_2/O-MBR系统能有效去除焦化废水中的萘,当进水的质量浓度为(265.5±119.0)μg/L时,去除率为(99.4±0.5)%,出水的平均质量浓度为(0.95±0.59)μg/L。生物处理是A_1/A_2/O-MBR系统水相中萘去除的主要途径,膜的截留对萘没有强化去除作用。     

The paradigmatic change in mechanics: Implications of historical processes for physics education

Analysing the paradigmatic shift from Peripatetic to Galilean physics can help to understand students' difficulties in learning Newtonian mechanics. This article promotes the use of historical texts in physics teaching as a means to support students in becoming aware of the structural differences between everyday life and scientific views of the world. The question is: Does conceptual change require paradigmatic change?     

Effects of different external carbon sources and electron acceptors on interactions between denitrification and phosphorus removal in biological nutrient removal processes

The effects of two different external carbon sources (acetate and ethanol) and electron acceptors (dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and nitrite) were investigated under aerobic and anoxic conditions with non-acclimated process biomass from a full-scale biological nutrient removal-activated sludge system. When acetate was added as an external carbon source, phosphate release was observed even in the presence of electron acceptors. The release rates were 1.7, 7.8, and 3.5 mg P/(g MLVSS·h) (MLVSS: mixed liquor volatile suspended solids), respectively, for dissolved oxygen, nitrate, and nitrite. In the case of ethanol, no phosphate release was observed in the presence of electron acceptors. Results of the experiments with nitrite showed that approximately 25 mg NO₂-N/L of nitrite inhibited anoxic phosphorus uptake regardless of the concentration of the tested external carbon sources. Furthermore, higher denitrification rates were obtained with acetate (1.4 and 0.8 mg N/(g MLVSS·h)) compared to ethanol (1.1 and 0.7 mg N/(g MLVSS·h)) for both anoxic electron acceptors (nitrate and nitrite).     

论德治对法治文明的精神功能

在当代中国建设社会主义法治国家的过程中．要十分重视道德建设的作用，这种道德建设的作用即德治是法治明重要组成部分。德治对法治明，突出了它的精神上的功能。我们要加强社会主义道德建设来促进社会主义法治国家的发展。     

发酵制药废水的脱色研究

发酵制药废水具有成分高度复杂、色度过深等特性,并且发酵制药废水属于高浓度的有机废水,只有通过处理使其达到排放标准才能避免对环境造成影响,利用三维电解对发酵制药废水进行处理可以确保其满足《发酵类制药工业污染物排放标准》(GB21903-2008)的污水排放标准要求。     

Fabrication of composite nanofiltration membranes by dopamine-assisted poly(ethylene imine) deposition and cross-linking

Positively charged composite nanofiltration (NF) membranes with good stability were prepared by dopamine (DA) assisted poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) deposition on a polysulfone ultrafiltration (UF) substrate followed by a cross-linking step. Attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electronic microscopy, and atom force microscopy were employed to characterize the surface chemistry and morphology of the obtained composite membranes. The DA and PEI co-deposition conditions were optimized based on knowledge of the co-deposition mechanism. The effects of the cross-linker concentration, cross-linking time, and reaction temperature on the permeation and separation properties of the prepared composite membranes were investigated in detail. Under optimized conditions, the MgCl₂ rejection and permeation flux of the composite membrane reached 80.4% and 19.6 L/(m²·h), respectively (the feed was 0.01 mol/L of MgCl₂ solution under a test pressure of 0.4 MPa). The rejection of various salts followed the order MgCl₂≈CaCl₂>MgSO₄>NaCl>Na₂SO₄, suggesting the membranes were positively charged. The composite membranes showed good durability under alkaline aqueous conditions. This study provided new insights into the fabrication of mussel-inspired thin-film composite nanofiltration membranes.     

A/O工艺与分段进水两种生物脱氮工艺的比较研究

从脱氮率、工艺运行以及节能角度对A／O工艺与分段进水2种生物脱氮工艺进行比较．结果表明,当污泥回流比为50％的条件下,分段进水工艺能达到高于80％的总氮去除率,但是A／O工艺只能达到40％．在污泥回流比为100％、硝化液回流比为200％的条件下,A／O工艺能够达到78．32％的总氮去除率,但是SVI值将达到143mL／g．而达到同样甚至更高的总氮去除率（81．1％）,分段进水工艺的SVI值只有94．4mL／g．分段进水工艺中污泥膨胀得到很好的控制．分段进水工艺在适用性、脱氮率、运行稳定性方面优于A／O工艺．     

探析《安徒生童话》的伦理底蕴

《安徒生童话》是世界儿童文学的巨著。本文尝试从伦理学的角度,用伦理的眼光去分析它广为传播、历久弥新的原因,以探索它深刻的思想伦理底蕴。     

Moving toward inclusion by narrowing the gap between early childhood professionals

This article investigates the relationship between early childhood education and early childhood special education in terms of inclusion by providing evidence that there is a gap between the two professions in the inclusion process, discussing the possible reasons for and consequences of this gap, and evaluating the progress that is being made to eliminate the gap. If we are to includeall young children in programs, we need to includeall educators in the discussion, planning, and implementation of the programs.     

Operationalizing the mentoring processes as perceived by teacher mentors

ABSTRACT

Mentoring plays a critical role in providing a quality professional experience for pre-service teachers in their initial teacher education. There have been numerous studies about pre-service teacher mentoring, yet actual mentoring practice still remains varied and poorly understood. Consequently, there is a need for mentoring processes that can enhance graduate teacher quality. In response to this call, this study aims to elucidate an understanding of how mentoring is operationalized, as perceived by the teacher mentor. Semi-structure interviews, with experienced teacher mentors, provided understanding on mentoring practices used within differing school contexts. These findings increase our understanding of actual mentoring processes that are used during the different phases of support for the preservice teachers. Understanding how the mentor–mentee relationship is operationalized has implications for supporting and enhancing quality mentoring experiences.     

孙子兵法的教育意蕴

《孙子兵法》作为中华传统文化的重要瑰宝,在2000余年间一直影响着中华文明的命运。在提供战争智慧与战争思想的同时,其重战,慎战的理念也融入中华民族对于和平的渴望与追求之中。同时,《孙子兵法》对在“为将之道”、“奇正之变”等方面的思考,也为新时期教育教学改革以及以创新为核心的素质教育理念提供了有益的借鉴。     

余华小说欲望叙事中的文化意蕴

对余华小说欲望叙事中的文化意蕴进行了阐述，在微观分析的基础上，指出欲望叙事文本对人性的揭示，对现实的批判和对文化的反思。     

利用网络教学提高国际贸易实践教学质量的研究

在国际贸易专业的实践教学体系中,越来越多的主干课程日益引入了利用网络进行的实训教学手段。在注重实际岗位操作的国际贸易专业教学中,充分发挥网络教学的优势,可以大幅度提高实践教学的效果。利用现代化教学手段,有利于教师对学生进行更加科学和量化的考核,以培养更多符合市场需要的国际贸易专业操作型人才。     

药学专业本科生课外科研能力的培养

医药学科是实践性很强的学科,学生的课外科研实践,是理论联系实际,化知识为能力的关键过程。本文通过分析药学专业本科生课外科研活动的问题,提出加强学生课外科研能力培养的几点建议。     

再论孔子“好学”思想的道德内涵

孔子强调的"好学"精神,实质上标志着夏、商、周代以来人文精神发展的高峰。其目的是期望个体通过不断的学习,促成理性自觉,并最终借此实现共同的社会理想。孔子所说的"成人""好学",均是指个体不断自我完善的终身学习过程。这是孔子伦理思想体系的基石之一,其本身也是一种美德。