对难民公约中“某一社会团体”的分析

1951年难民地位公约第一条对难民进行了比较准确的定义,在可成为难民的各种条件中,如“种族”、“宗教”、“国籍”及“具有某种政治见解”这些因素都是比较容易确认的,但“某一社会团体”却相对含糊一些,．为确保公约的有效性和准确性,须深入分析这一因素。使一个团体统一起来的特征或因素不能是对迫害的共同的畏惧。这样的社会团体,应具有可承认性、,非国家行为体实施的迫害,也是在认定“某一社会团体”时需要考虑的因素,     

论国际难民保护政策的发展演变

难民问题是一个历史性问题,在西方民主国家建立与难民有关的国际组织之前,各种宗教组织以及古代统治者已根据自己的规范和信仰为逃离迫害之人提供庇护,以色列的《旧约全书》最早提到了"难民"一词,并对难民的定义有所涉及。1951年《难民地位公约》和联合国难民署在冷战期间的作用和角色也严重的受到西方民主国家的支配和控制,使其难民政策带有浓厚的政治特征,成为西方国家的重要政治工具。     

二战后国际难民政策的历史演变

二战后,欧洲难民问题成为联合国及西方国家必须面临并解决的重大社会问题,数百万的难民流亡在整个欧洲大陆,为难民提供临时性救济的各种机构和组织也不断涌现出来。1943年建立的联合国善后救济总署、1951年《关于难民地位的公约》及联合国难民署都对二战后国际难民政策的发展起了不可忽视的作用,但这些国际组织的难民政策具有比较明显的政治色彩,使大多数难民无法充分地得到国际保护。     

试析国际难民保护中的“安全第三国”

自1951年《关于难民地位的公约》(《日内瓦公约》)生效以来,面对全世界范围内不断加剧的难民危机,越来越多的国家倾向于区域内寻求合作,履行难民保护的国际义务,分担保护难民的责任,"安全第三国"(Safe Third Country)的概念也应运而生。该概念产生于欧洲,并在美国、加拿大和澳大利亚等国家得到不同程度的模仿和实践。然而,国家和国家以及区域组织间以双边条约的形式对"安全第三国"原则的实践本质上违反了《难民地位公约》所规定的"不推回原则",其不可避免地扩大化必须以难民权利的有效保障为前提。我国边境地区也时常有难民涌入的情况发生,而目前世界上亚太地区的难民保护区域合作机制最不完善,因此对这一问题的厘清,有利于我国未来在探索难民保护的区域合作中把握好方向。     

对1933年《关于难民国际地位的公约》的历史考察

20世纪20年代国际难民法的发展已经初露端倪,主张由国际联盟主持缔结国际难民公约的思想发轫于这个时期。30年代初欧洲局势的紧张导致难民处境恶化,使得公约的缔结更为迫切。从制定过程来看,1933年难民公约最终缔结是多方参与的结果,其中非政府组织和个人发挥了关键性作用。     

国际难民法视角下的《美加安全第三国协定》

《美加安全第三国协定》的主要目的在于,通过构建和运用规范化的责任分担机制,明确两国在审查第三国公民于陆地边境提出的难民地位申请方面的责任所在,从而解决长年以来由于上述申请给各自的国内政治造成的难题。因为《难民公约》缔约国并不根据公约承担审查难民地位申请的义务,而且由于个人在国际法上并不享有被给予庇护的权利,所以《美加安全第三国协定》的缔结并不被国际难民法所禁止。《美加安全第三国协定》的实施不仅影响了难民地位申请者选择庇护国的自由,减少了其获得国际保护的机会,而且增加了加拿大违反"不推回原则"的风险。     

解读马来西亚的难民政策——以缅甸难民为例

马来西亚独立后接纳了来自不同国家和地区的难民,为了阻止难民进入,该国没有签署《关于难民地位的公约》以及《关于难民地位的议定书》,也没有制定难民法及相关难民保护体系。以其境内最大难民群体—缅甸难民为例,在马来西亚政府的难民政策下,缅甸难民处境艰难。要更好地应对难民问题,马来西亚的难民政策需要有新的视角。     

饶家驹战时难民救助的上海模式与日内瓦第四公约

1937年11月至1940年6月,饶家驹在上海南市创立的南市难民区,收容、安置并保护了上海孤岛时期近三十万的中国难民,将二战前国际社会战时平民救助的理念变为现实。该安全区的设立,不掺杂任何政治和宗教目的,而以人道主义援助为唯一旨归,因此被称为"上海模式",并被国际社会誉为战时难民救助的光辉典范,为1949年日内瓦第四公约即《关于战时保护平民之日内瓦公约》的制定提供了重要借鉴,最终将其以国际法的形式确立下来,推动了人类文明的进步。     

政治文化影响下的当代中国国际法实践

政治文化与对外政策实践联系紧密,呈互为塑造和加强的互动关系。中国政治文化对当代中国国际法实践既有积极的促进作用,也在全球治理的大背景下,在某种程度上制约着当代中国国际法实践的进一步拓展。基于政治文化与国际法实践的互动关系,我们主张,一是加强和引导对西方主流文化的借鉴和吸收;二是尊重政治文化多元性,加强主导政治文化的地位和作用;三是培育现代公民意识,促进公民社会的发育。     

国际法视野下气候难民的法律地位及其保护

明确了气候难民的定义及特征,对比了气候难民与环境难民的区别,分析了气候难民尚未取得国际法上的法律地位的原因及困境,从三个方面指出气候难民应得到国际立法保护:气候难民比环境难民具有更优越的立法条件;世界各国对气候难民都有不可推卸之责任;气候难民产生的原因不能成为其获得立法保护的阻碍。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.