怎样对系统应用动能定理

动能定理的应用对象一般是单个物体,外力对它做功的过程就是物体与外界进行能量转化、转移的过程．外界对物体做了多少总功．物体的动能就改变多少．若研究对象是多个物体组成的系统,还能应用动能定理吗？对于由几个存在相互作用的物体组成的系统．外力可以对系统做功．内力也可以对系统做功,内力做功表示系统的动能可以和系统内部某种形式的能量进行转化．即系统动能的变化是由系统的内力与外力做功之和来决定．可见．’对于系统也可以运用动能定理．     

透析系统机械能守恒的条件

系统机械能守恒的条件是：系统所受的外力只有重力或弹力做功，系统内力做功代数和为零．但内力做功代数和为什么为零?几乎所有的参考书都没有论证．下面分几类对系统机械能守恒时内力做功代数和为零做一分析，旨在更深入理解其实质。     

对系统内力做功的研究

1．内力做功与系统机械能守恒 当系统只有保守内力做功,而非保守内力（如摩擦力）和一切外力所做的功的总和为零时,系统内各物体的动能和势能相互转化,但它们的总量保持不变．这就是系统的机械能守恒定律．     

一个力学问题的一对内力做功的探讨

质点系的一对内力做功与否对解决质点系问题至关重要.本文详细探讨了一个典型力学问题的一对内力做功的问题,给出了细致的推证.结果表明,一对内力分别做了功,但做的总功却等于零;并指出了存在的推理欠缺,进行了必要的方法讨论,提出了解决此类力学问题的方法.     

系统内力做功对系统机械能的影响

机械能守恒定律是处理力学问题的一条重要定律,能否用机械能守恒定律来处理,关键要看该系统是否满足机械能守恒定律的使用务件.对于除重力外其它外力是否做功一般比较容易判断,而对于一对内力是否做功、内力做功对系统机械能有什么影响往往不容易判断.要解决这个问题,需要准确理解功的定义式.两个相互作用的物体相对于地面的运动情况不尽相同,尽管作用力与反作用力大小相等,方向相反,但在做功的正负和多少关系上却有多种情形.下面先研究如何计算一对内力功,再结合具体实例分析,根本上解决上述问题.     

物体系内力做功问题归类分析

对于物体系内物体间的作用力和反作用力对物体做功的问题,由于学生缺乏对内力做功特点的清楚认识,解答此类问题存在一定困难,本文对内力做功问题解法进行归类分析。 1 一对相互作用的内力,一个做正功,一个做负功 例1 如图1所示,质量为M的木块静止在光滑的水平地面上,质量为m的子弹以初速度v0击中木块,并相对静止在木块中,子弹在木块中受到的阻力为f。求子弹射入木块的深度。     

内力做功之和一定为零吗?

对于任一给定的系统,内力之和为零,内力所做功之和也一定为零。这是中学生中常常出现的错误认识。为此我们可通过以下几例,引导学生分析以澄清是非。例1、如图I所示,放于光滑水平面上的叠放体A、B,在水平恒力F作用下,一起向右运动,当它们由P处运动到Q处时,试分析在此过程中,A、B组成的系统内力所做功之和。分析:对于A、B组成的系统,内力为它们之间的弹力和摩校力。因弹力与位移方向并直,故不做功。若要求出同力所做之功,只需求出摩校力所做的功即可。     

对碰撞中的能量变化问题的探讨

两个物体相互作用时,如果仅受内力作用,则系统的动量守恒,而内力可以做功,每个物体的机械能可能都要变化,但系统的机械能总和可能不变（弹性碰撞）,可能减少（非弹性碰撞）,如物体间夹有炸药、压缩的弹簧等,作用后系统的总机械能也可能增加．     

内力做功问题浅析

运用系统的动能定理时,经常涉及到内力做功的问题,许多学生难以理解.虽然课程标准对内力做功的问题要求不高,但为了学生能更深入地理解动能定理和机械能守恒定律等功能关系,掌握一些常见的内力做功问题是非常必要的.众所周如,系统的内力总成对出现.即一对作用力和反作用力总是大小相等方向相反,同时产生同时消失.所以系统内力的矢量和总是为零.但是作用力与反作用力做的功却不一定等值反号.另一方面功能原理仅在惯性参照系中成立(一般以地面为参照系),当系     

试论不做功的力在能量转化中的作用

本文通过一些具体例子,论述不做功的力在能量转化中的特殊作用.在某些场合,做功的外力借助于不做功的外力,实现“异常方向”的能量转化.而在另一些场合,内力借助于不做功的外力,将物体内部的能量转化为物体质心的机械能.     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.