A Specification—Based Case Study from Test Class Framework

Testing is a standard method for verification of software performance.Producing efficinet and appropriate test case is an important aspect in testing.Specification-based testing presents a method to derive test data from software specification.Because of the precision and concision of specification.the test data derived from specification can test the software efficiently and entirely.This paper demonstrates a test class framework(TCF) on a file reading case study,specifiec using Z notation,This class framework defines test case sets,providing structure to the testing process.Flexbility is preserved so that many testing strategies can be used.     

Timing issues in distributed testing

The objective of conformance testing is to determine whether an implementation under test (IUT) conforms to its specification. In distributed test architecture where there are multiple remote testers, the objective can be complicated by the fact that testers may encounter controllability and observability problems during the application of a test sequence. A certain amount of work has been done in the area of generating test sequence that is free from these problems. However, few researchers investigate them from the aspect of test execution. This work studies the test execution phase when test sequences are applied to the imple- mentation and it is pointed out that controllability and observability problems can be resolved if and only if the test system im- plements some timing constraints. When determining these constraints, the dynamic time information during test is taken into account, which reduces the test execution time and improves test efficiency further.     

Prestressed tensioning method and its application to testing anchor stress of anchor cables for side-slope stabilization

The anchor stress extent of a prestress anchor cable project has a direct relation with the project safety and performance. Prestressed tensioning method is a kind of nondestructive testing method, by which a reverse stretching load is applied on the external exposure section of anchor cable under construction or in service, and then the elongation variation of stress bars is measured to determine the anchor stress. We elaborated the theory and testing mechanism of prestressed tensioning method, and systematically studied key issues during the prestressed tensioning process of anchor cable by using physical model test, including the composition of tension stress-elongation curve, the variation of anchor stress, the compensation of locked anchor stress, and the judgment of anchor stress, and verified the theory feasibility of prestressed tensioning method. A case study on slope anchor cable of one highway project was conducted to further discuss on the test method, operation procedures and judgment of prestressed tensioning method on obtaining anchor stress, and then the test data of three situations were analyzed. The result provides a theoretical basis and technical base for the application of prestressed tensioning method to the evaluation of construction quality and operation conditions of anchor cable project.     

A Review of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies in Vocabulary Assessment

Since 1980s,articles and works about vocabulary test have piled up one after another,but the methods of testing vocabulary effectively are of widespread controversy.There are two traditional methods in testing vocabulary:quantitative method and qualitative method.While quantitative research sets out from receptive vocabulary size and productive vocabulary size,qualitative research gives priorities to testing vocabulary knowledge in depth.After thirty years of study,achievements have been made in three aspects:the comparative maturity of quantitative research;the steady development of qualitative research and the growing popularity of comprehensive research.Despite the fact that current studies are limited in certain aspects,the trend in vocabulary testing is that context-dependent test are gradually taking place of context-independent test and corpus is widely applied in vocabulary test.     

Influence of reaction piles on test pile response in a static load test

This work presents a new analytical method to analyze the influence of reaction piles on the test pile response in a static load test.In our method,the interactive effect between soil and pile is simulated using independent springs and the shear displacement method is adopted to analyze the influence of reaction piles on test pile response.Moreover,the influence of the sheltering effect between reaction piles and test pile on the test pile response is taken into account.Two cases are analyzed to verify the rationality and efficiency of the present method.This method can be easily extended to a nonlinear response of an influenced test pile embedded in a multilayered soil,and the validity is also demonstrated using centrifuge model tests and a computer program presented in the literature.The present analyses indicate that the proposed method will lead to an underestimation of the test pile settlement in a static load test if the influence of the presence of reaction piles on the test pile response is neglected.     

J-integral resistance curve testing and evaluation

In this paper a critical review is presented ofthe history and current state of the art of J-integral resistance curve testing and experimental evaluation methods in conjunction with a discussion of the development of the plane strain fracture toughness test standard ASTM E 1820 developed by American Society for Testing and Materials （ASTM）. Early research efforts on this topic are reviewed first, These include the J-integral concept, experimental estimates of the J-integral for stationary cracks, load line displacement （LLD） and crack mouth opening displacement （CMOD） based ηfactor equations, different formulations of J-integral incremental equations for growing cracks, crack growth corrected .JR curve determination, and experimental test methods. Recent developments in J-R curve testing and evaluation are then described, with emphasis on accurate J-integral incremental equations, a normalization method, a modified basic method, a CMOD direct method with use of incremental equations, relationships of plastic geometry factors, constraint-dependent J-R curve testing and correction approaches. An overview of the present fracture toughness test standard ASTM E1820-08a is then presented. The review shows that after more than 40 years of investigation and development, the J-integral resistance curve test methods in ASTM E1820 have become simpler, more cost-effective and more accurate.     

Reliability testing and reliability analysis of the over-load protective relay

The over-load protective relay is widely used for motor protection. The reliability of the over-load protective relay directly affects the safe running of a motor. The reliability testing and reliability analysis of the over-load protective relay is an important way to improve the reliability of products. In this paper, the reliability test method of the over-load protective relay is studied, and the reliability tests of the typical products are carried out on a reliability tester developed by authors. In terms of the testing results, the reliability analysis is finished. The failure reasons are found and the measures are put forward to improve the reliability of the products.     

Fatigue crack growth rate test using a frequency sweep method

Fatigue crack propagation characteristics of a diesel engine crankshaft are studied by measuring the fatigue crack growth rate using a frequency sweep method on a resonant fatigue test rig. Based on the phenomenon that the system frequency will change when the crack becomes large, this method can be directly applied to a complex component or structure. Finite element analyses （FEAs） are performed to calibrate the relation between the frequency change and the crack size, and to obtain the natural frequency of the test rig and the stress intensity factor （SIF） of growing cracks. The crack growth rate i.e. da/dN-AK of each crack size is obtained by combining the testing-time monitored data and FEA results. The results show that the crack growth rate of engine crankshaft, which is a component with complex geometry and special surface treatment, is quite different from that of a pure material. There is an apparent turning point in the Paris＇s crack partition. The cause of the fatigue crack growth is also discussed.     

Improving educational assessment： A computer-adaptive multiple choice assessment using NRET as the scoring method

Assessment is central to any educational process. Number Right （NR） scoring method is a conventional scoring method for multiple choice items, where students need to pick one option as the correct answer. One point is awarded for the correct response and zero for any other responses. However, it has been heavily criticized for guessing and failure to credit partial knowledge. Despite continued research in scoring methods, conventional NR scoring method remains the most popular and widely used procedure. Thus, the problem of crediting partial knowledge and guessing still exist. In addition, the current assessment practices do not take students＇ misconceptions into consideration. Thus, there is a need to propose a new scoring method that is able to minimize guessing, credit partial knowledge, yet able to diagnose misconceptions. This study proposed the development of a Computer-Adaptive Assessment Software （CAAS） for MC items using the new Number Right Elimination Testing （NRET） which take into consideration these three elements. This paper described the rational for using the NRET, the design and development of CAAS and the results of the pilot study carried out in three secondary schools in Malaysia.     

Fusion of ERT images based on Dempster-Shafer’s evidence theory

In this paper, an electrical resistance tomography（ERT） imaging method is used as a classifier, and then the Dempster-Shafer＇s evidence theory with fuzzy clustering is integrated to improve the ERT image quality. The fuzzy clustering is applied to determining the key mass function, and dealing with the uncertain, incomplete and inconsistent measured imaging data in ERT. The proposed method was applied to images with the same investigated object under eight typical current drive patterns. Experiments were performed on a group of simulations using COMSOL Multiphysics tool and measurements with a piece of porcine lung and a pair of porcine kidneys as test materials. Compared with any single drive pattern, the proposed method can provide images with a spatial resolution of about 10% higher, while the time resolution was almost the same.     

Detecting Violations of Factorial Invariance Using Data-Based Specification Searches: A Monte Carlo Study

In testing factorial invariance, researchers have often used a reference variable strategy in which the factor loading for a variable (i.e., reference variable) is fixed to 1 for identification. This commonly used method can be misleading if the chosen reference variable is actually a noninvariant item. This simulation study suggests an alternative method for testing factorial invariance and evaluates the performance of the method in specification searches based on the modification index. The results of the study showed that the proposed specification searches performed well when the number of noninvariant variables was relatively small and this performance improved as sample size increased and the size of group differences increased. When the number of noninvariant variables was relatively large, however, the method rarely succeeded in detecting the noninvariant items in the specification searches. Implications of the findings are discussed along with the limitations of the study.     

CELTS-43学习平台体系结构与服务接口测试的研究

网络教育标准CELTS-43是有关学习平台的系统架构与服务接口标准。在研究数字教育平台体系结构的公用特性、层次结构以及体系结构与服务接口测试的基础上,提出一种基于XML绑定的测试方法,来测试基于标准的学习系统体系是否具备统一性的服务架构和可互操作的接口。     

基于IMSQTI规范的学习测评系统

IMSQTI标准是一个规范测评问题模型和测试数据模型的远程教育标准,目的是提高E—learning学习系统之间的互操作和可重用。基于IMSQTI远程教育技术规范的试卷和试题库的设计方法结合了IMSQTI规范和IMSCP规范,使得规范学习试题对象可以在不同学习系统中实现重用和互操作。一个支持该方法的学习测评系统初步实现了IMSQTI试卷的编辑、分发、评分等功能。     

An Educational Case Study in Protocol Verification and Distributed Observation

This paper describes a case study presented to students in computer science during a course on formal techniques for protocol validation. The course teaches some basic notions on specification, simulation, verification, testing and distributed observation. The case study is the classical alternating-bit protocol. The exercise first consists of some simple modeling and simulation of the specification and verification of some basic service properties. It is then followed with the problem of observation of distributed executions of the protocol. This kind of experiment was found to be useful for students, since they gain an understanding of the importance and necessity of formal methods for protocol validation.     

新高考改革分省命题之测量学挑战与对策

高考综合改革方案的实施给分省命题工作带来挑战。借鉴国际考试行业的成功经验,结合我国国情,就国家课程标准的解读、命题队伍的建设、现代测量理论与技术的中国化问题展开讨论,对做好分省命题工作提出可行的操作性建议。     

软件配置测试的测试数据生成

本文提出利用多次单因素试验、正交实验设计和均匀设计等常用方法为软件的配置测试产生测试数据, 以确保待测软件可以在不同的配置上正确运行, 并分析比较了这些方法的优缺点. 在此基础上提出使用两两组合覆盖方法来改善正交试验设计方法的不足、使用多因素组合覆盖方法来降低因不完全测试而带来的风险, 并提出一种单因素覆盖方法, 该方法可以产生最少的测试数据, 在覆盖各个系统因素的同时, 尽可能多地覆盖各个因素间的两两组合. 最后, 对这些测试数据生成方法从测试数据集的规模、组合覆盖率、可用性等方面进行了比较.     

Commentary: Student Cognition, the Situated Learning Context, and Test Score Interpretation

Although it is assumed that student cognition contributes to student performance on achievement tests, it may be that current testing models lack the degree of specification necessary to warrant such inferences. With test score interpretations as the referent, the authors in this special issue address the role of student cognition in learning and educational measurement. The practicality of their recommendations is viewed through the filter of No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) testing requirements. Commentary on the broader learning context is also shared. Although a focus on student cognition is an important one, the situational context within which learning occurs and tests are administered warrants consideration of a variety of social factors in order to fully specify the measurement construct and to interpret test scores meaningfully.