国内外支持创业的公共政策研究综述

本文将有关创业政策的研究文献进行了系统的梳理,对创业及创业政策的内涵加以明确,分析了创业政策研究的理论框架,对税收政策、融资政策及规制环境等政策工具进行了探讨。     

宽严相济视野下我国环境犯罪处置模式的创新

宽严相济刑事政策应用于环境犯罪处置上,应当具体化为“宽严相济以‘宽’为主,以严济宽为辅”的刑事政策。而我国现阶段对于环境犯罪的处置则是“宽严失调”,即“该宽的不宽,当严的不严”。为此,需要从“宽”与“严”两个角度入手来完善我国环境犯罪处置模式,以便更好地体现和贯彻宽严相济的刑事政策。     

简论20世纪80年代初里根政府的“反环境”政策

20世纪80年代初，罗纳德·里根就任美国总统后推行某种“反环境”政策：通过加强对管制法规的监督与审查和放松环境管制，削减环保机构的预算与编制，任命保守派人士担当环境部门领导职务，将更多环境职责移交给各州和地方政府等措施来倒转70年代的环保政策。里根政府的“反环境”政策有着深刻的历史背景和多方面的成因，它对美国的环境政策与环保事业造成了复杂的后果和影响。     

环保产业呼唤政策支持

随着我国经济的快速发展 ,环境问题日益突出 ,环保产业将成为 2 1世纪最具活力和潜力的产业。但由于环保产业政策不到位、缺乏引进人才、技术、资本资源投入的市场氛围 ,制约了环保产业的发展。因此 ,文章认为环保产业要求得健康发展 ,需要政策的不断完善、创新和支持     

基本国策与社会生态运动的比较分析

国策机制从根本上来说是行政主导的环境资源保护路径,它有自己的优势,特别是在特定时期的优势,但也存在局限性。国策机制对公众具有神秘性和对立性。西方的社会生态运动最早得到的是社会认可,其次得到了法律的认可,成为环境立法、司法和行政的源泉。社会生态运动初期的效率可能是较低的,而一旦它被公众所认可,会形成全社会的自觉行动;国策机制在初期其效率远高于社会生态运动,但是它在公众中的影响力是有限的,甚至会造成公众对环境问题的冷漠。中国的环境资源保护要突破固有的行政主导的局限,需实现从国策上升到法律的转变,需要加强社会生态运动的理论和制度建设,并注重国际交流和与本国国情适应的经验借鉴,逐渐使社会生态运动在中国实现其对司法、立法和行政的影响。     

Relationship between environment policy and technical transformation: industry pollution control in Three Gorges Reservoir

Ecological objective promotes local government who is in a reservoir area adopting new environmental policies which encourage firms to save energy and reduce emissions. Based on real option theory, we characterized the arrival of new environmental policy as a Poisson jump process. Under the situation that neither the policy arrival time nor contents can be determined, with the real option theory, we focused on problems for firms to decide best investment timing and scale, provided the cumulative probability distribution function of investment timing, and gave a numerical analysis. By analyzing the relationship between policy and investment decision, we found a perverse result that the high subsidy does not always encourage investment all the time, which can be a valuable reference for government to control industry pollution and make reasonable policies.     

出口退税政策调整的环境经济影响分析

作为出口环节的重要的绿色贸易手段,降低和取消部分产品出口退税已成为转变贸易发展方式、促进节能减排一揽子政策措施的重要组成部分。为了解"降低和取消污染性行业产品出口退税"这一贸易政策措施的效果,填补出口退税环境效应量化研究的空白,遵循链式反应评价方法的逻辑,建立了由经贸政策到经济行为,再到环境影响的可计算一般均衡(CGE)模型,量化评估了"仅对单一污染性行业出口产品降低或取消出口退税",以及"对全体污染性行业出口产品降低或取消出口退税"的环境经济影响。经验分析结果表明:调减污染产品/产业出口退税虽然使出口量受到一定影响,但能够改善经济系统的环境表现;特别是对全体污染性行业产品同时降低或取消出口退税,可以有效防止"污染泄露",取得更好的污染减排效果;其经济与环境效应,在短期内主要由规模效应及其引致的结构效应主导。因此,面向环境保护的出口退税政策调整应尽量涵盖所有污染性行业,同时应尽快出台以环境保护为目的的长期性经济政策手段。     

我国环保政策失灵的成因分析及矫治原则

当前我们已经有了相对完善的环保政策体系,环境污染、生态破坏却日益严重。主要是因为我国环境保护宏观管理体制不完善、政策执行层面失灵、环境保护过程中部门问缺乏协调、环境政策本身失当以及政策价值取向的偏差所致。必须调整环境政策,在发挥行政手段的同时加强经济手段的运用,用法律以及社会等多种手段,实现环境改善。     

论环境管理

对环境管理政策的概念、特征及体系进行初步探讨，分析我国现阶段的环境管理政策及环境管理政策体系，以期对我国环境管理政策体系的建立和完善提供参考．     

我国政府环境信息公开问题研究

目前我国政府环境信息公开程度较低,偏重于保密;为公众提供环境信息的方式和渠道过少;程序方面缺乏保障和救济。针对这种现状,我国在政府环境信息公开方面应当转变观念,从修改和整合现行关于环境信息公开的法律规定入手,建构系统的政府环境信息公开制度体系。     

自由市场环保主义与当代美国环保政策

针对传统的命令-控制型环境管制政策以及以往环保过头的趋势,自由市场环保主义通过发挥市场机制在环境保护中的作用,一定程度上兼顾了企业和环保主义者的要求,不失为美国在环保政策上所进行的制度创新。     

“技术环境悖论”的微观经济学分析

“技术环境悖论”揭示了技术的环境双刃剑作用,降低技术的环境负效益、扩大其环境正效益将有助于实现工业技术进步的生态化发展.文章利用环境的相对供给和相对需求曲线,通过局部均衡和一般均衡方法分析工业技术进步的环境影响.结果表明,工业技术进步的环境影响取决于正负效益的力量对比：当技术进步的环境负效益大时,须利用较强环境偏好型政策机制来消除或降低企业浪费“技术-环境剩余”的动机;当技术进步的环境正效益大时,工业技术进步和环境偏好型政策机制具有可替代的相似作用.     

广州市实施保障性住房政策面临的问题及原因分析

广州市实施保障性住房政策面临资金投入缺口大,影响政策执行目标实现;规划不尽合理,导致目标群体生活成本增加;供应覆盖面不广,影响政策实施效益评价;监管措施不力,导致政策实施过程扭曲等问题。引起这些问题的原因有政策直接实施主体自身利益关系的干扰、政策实施资源和环境因素的制约、政策实施目标与市场经济的矛盾等。     

Environment in the science curriculum: The politics of change in the Pan-Canadian science curriculum development process

This paper draws on the experience of the Pan-Canadian science curriculum development process as an instance of the more general problem of integrating science and environmental education. It problematizes the issue of incorporation of social and environmental dimensions within the science curriculum in terms of both policy and practice. The agenda of environmental education, as eco-philosophical and eco-political, provides a radically different base from which to explore the impact of change on science teachers and schools. Thus, the very idea of environmental education as an educational policy goal must be examined in light of conflicting agendas of science and environmental education. This paper argues that transforming structures and processes of school science to enable different teacher and student roles involves closing the gap between curriculum (policy) development and professional development as well as reconceptualizing science education, but from more overtly open moral value and political perspectives than have been considered in the literature of science education.     

Phases,levels and circles in policy development: the cases of higher education and environmental quality assurance

This article examines parallel developments in the fields of quality assurance in higher education and in environmental policy. Starting from empirically grounded analytical frameworks for the two fields separately, Fischer's framework of policy argumentation is overlaid on both to gain deeper understanding of underlying similarities and contrasts. We argue that quality management in the field of higher education faces choices already addressed in environmental quality assurance. In the light of these practical and theoretical lessons, the relative success with higher education quality assurance may be less of a reason for optimism.     

Taking stock of environmental education policy in England – the what,the where and the why

Abstract

Taking England as our case study, this paper reviews secondary school environmental education from a policy perspective. By drawing on Stevenson’s typologies for environmental improvement and Lucas’ categorisation of environmental education, we analyse national policy documents, local authority and Multi-Academy Trust policies; and individual school planning documents. Our findings suggest in these areas a general absence of environment education policy, and where identified a rhetoric towards conservative reform framed as technology solutions, where learning is about the environment, rather than for the environment. We explain how the (lack of) environmental education rhetoric is a result of global economic changes and national austerity policies, and offer insights and signposting for policy makers.     

脆弱区生态重建的环境管理分析

本文分析了生态脆弱区“脆弱化”的原因，指出不适当的环境管理是造成“脆弱化”最主要的人为因素，认为从系统的角度重构生态脆弱区的环境管理是生态环境重建的重中之重。本文探讨了脆弱区生态重建的环境管理的内涵及作用，并提出在进行生态重建时，环境管理工作应抓住以下几个环节：(1)健全环境管理机构；(2)完善环境管理工作系统；(3)大力推广各种生态重建模式；(4)积极制定相关的环境经济政策和措施。     

公共政策视野下限塑令执行的问题与对策探析

生活中大量塑料袋的使用带来了日益严重的环境问题,影响着人们的健康,要求政府出台相关政策来限制塑料袋的泛滥。“限塑令”是国家为限削超薄塑料袋的生产、销售、使用以达到环保目的而制定的一项公共政策。由于对政策的理解不全面和不充分,交错复杂的执行机构,漏洞百出的配套措施,影响着政策执行的效果。忠实准确地理解政策,清晰科学的职责分工,完善贴切的配套条件是解决这些问题的根本出路。     

A National Investigation of Teachers’ Environmental Literacy as a Reference for Promoting Environmental Education in Taiwan

Taiwan's government enacted the Environmental Education Act in June 2011. In the beginning of the implementation of the Act, a national assessment of schoolteachers’ environmental literacy was performed in order to establish the baseline for evaluating the effectiveness of environmental education policy. This large-scale assessment involved a large sample size of in-service teachers across schools at all levels and regions in Taiwan using the stratified random sampling method. Data showed that the teachers have satisfactory levels of environmental knowledge and attitudes, but presented low degrees of environmental action. Differing from previous research results, elementary teachers performed better than high school teachers on this assessment, which may be attributed to their teacher training experiences. Results from this study may provide implications for teacher professional development programs and school environmental education policy.     

中日韩自由贸易协议对中国农业的经济与环境影响研究——基于可计算局部均衡模型的分析

在2010年中日韩领导人会议上,三国政府表示将推动中日韩自由贸易协议(CJKFTA:China-Japan-Korea Free Trade Agreement)的签署,加快三国贸易自由化进程。我国农产品在三国贸易中占有比较优势,在出口增加的同时,也可能拉动国内生产规模的扩大,造成环境影响。为了提高我国政府在中日韩区域经济一体化谈判进程中对农业环境问题的重视程度,并为其提供环境决策依据,需要定量分析CJKFTA对中国农业的环境影响。采用"贸易-经济-环境"链式反应评价方法(CRAM)及其框架下的可计算局部均衡(CPE)模型,能够利用更具时效性的数据,深入到微观产业乃至产品层面,比较直观而清晰地定量分析一项贸易政策的经济、环境影响。按照贸易自由化程度的不同,设置了低、中、高三种政策情景,对CJKFTA下与农产品相关的贸易政策进行分析。模拟结果表明:CJKFTA的实施将会促进我国农业的发展,表现为农产品贸易量和产量的增长;同时也可能对环境产生一定程度的负面影响,包括COD、TN、TP、农药、农膜、温室气体等污染物排放量的增加,以及水资源消耗量的增大。因此,如何出台配套政策以缓冲CJKFTA下中国农业的不利环境影响,是值得关注和重视的课题。