“变式”在数学概念形成不同阶段的运用思考

<正>变式是在概念由具体向抽象过渡的过程中,为排除由具体对象本身的非本质属性带来的干扰而提出来的。根据概念的不同类型和概念学习的不同阶段而设计的变式,不仅可以在概念引入、形成的过程中使用,也可以在概念的应用中使用。变式作为概念学习的有效工具,能帮助学生从"变"的现象中发现"不变"的本质,深化对数学概念的理解,最终实现对概念的本质属性和规律的把握。本文试图以数学概念学习的各个环节为着眼点,探讨变式在每个环节的不同呈现方     

图式教学策略的实验研究

对l13名高二年级的学生进行对比实验研究，剖析图式对概念学习的影响。研究结果表明：1．图式理论对概念学习具有普遍的指导作用；2．比起常规教学，图式教学更有利于学生学习概念，特别是数学概念的学习；3．教会学生构建图式是解决中、差生问题的有效途径。     

基于APOS理论的“函数单调性概念”教学设计

APOS理论是由美国的杜宾斯基等人在数学教育研究实践中提出的，该理论集中于对特定学习内容——数学概念学习过程的研究，提出学生学习数学概念要经过“活动（Action）”、“过程（Process）”、“对象（Object）”、“图式（Scheme）”4个阶段，取这4个阶段英文单词的首字母，定名为APOS理论．APOS理论不仅揭示了学生建构数学概念的学习层次，     

生物教学中错误概念的诊断与矫治

建构主义认为,科学概念的学习就是学生由前概念向科学概念的转变过程。西方学 者对此做了大量的研究。错误概念对生物学概念学习有极大影响,错误概念的诊断技术与 方法包括:概念转变学习;促进错误概念转变教学策略。     

论原型与变式对数学概念学习的影响

我们知道，数学概念既是自然形成的真实概念，又是经过严谨加工的人工概念，因而数学概念的学习与普通概念及人工概念的学习既有密切的联系又有一定的区别．它既要体现自然概念学习的过程性，又要体现定义性概念的规则性和对象性．但数学概念学习又不是两种学习过程的简单叠加．它要使过程与对象融合为一个整体．在这个融合过程中，所有的自然概念与定义性概念学习中的规律都将以某种修正的形式重新出现．数学概念学习的心理过程分析表明，无论是自然概念还是人工概念的学习，原型与变式都是其中的重要内容．因而，讨论原型与变式对数学概念学习的影响就显得非常必要．     

纠正学生数学错误概念，教师要做到“五要”

在学生概念形成的教学阶段，教师要有针对性地创设情景，使问题表征尽可能和概念原型匹配；当学生对概念的理解和应用产生错误时，教师能较快地分析出出错原因，从而采用有效措施帮助学生纠正错误认识对于学生在概念学习过程中出现的错误，教师可从以下五个方面着手，有效减少学生的出错率。[第一段]     

在概念教学中"学数学做数学用数学"

数学概念教学应以培养学生用数学的意识为指导，重视概念的生成过程，把概念学习变为“学数学、做数学、用数学”的过程，为此，在教学中应注意以下几点：（1）将学生带回现实中，（2）将学生带入问题中；（3）引导学生学习数学化；（4）在概念的实例中体会数学。     

教育词典

概念学习奥苏伯尔把概念定义为“由在一定的文化中公认的某种符号或标记所代表的具有共同标准属性的对象、件、情境或性质”。例如“房屋”、“三角形”、“战争”和“真理”等就是人们所使用的文化上所公认的概念。概念学习就是掌握同事物的共同的标准属性。以学习“三角形”这一概念为例,“三个角”和“三条相连接的边”是三角形这一类几何图所共同具有的两个标准属性。如果学习者掌握了这两个标准属性,就是掌握了“三角形”这个概念的一般意义。当然,掌握概念意义的过程,也决定于有没有有意义的学习心向,决定于能否以非人为的方式和在实…     

概念学习中存在的问题及其原因与对策探讨

学生概念学习中存在机械记忆、变式练习过度、概念混淆及概念泛化或窄化等问题,其原因除了受教育经验的差别、学习材料中非本质特征的干扰和反馈的影响外,更多地是由于概念教学忽视学生概念学习时的知识经验、心理体验及认知操作过程。因此,认真剖析成因,积极探讨促进学生概念学习的教学策略具有重要的意义。     

基于问题的数学概念学习

数学概念是数学思维的结果，因此概念学习的起点是问题。教师提供产生概念的问题情境，学生通过问题解决自主建构形成自发概念；再通过师生、生生交流沟通进行概念的社会客观意义的建构；最后通过解决相关问题，形成以社会客观意义为内核、个体主观知识附着其上的较稳定的概念图式。     

卡思卡特城堡

It is worthy of noting that, whilst Crookston Castle witnessed the earlier and happier portion of Mary's variegated life,     

不同的吃喝玩乐

一、吃和喝吃苹果 eat an apple, 吃药 take medicine,吃糖 have some sweets,吃饭 have one's meals,吃馆子 dine out,吃惊 be surprised/     

漏洞百出的教育

Many college freshmen arrive woefully unprepared to do college work, and as disadvantaged populations continue to grow, the share of the American work force that has made it through college is expected to plummet. Many experts blame that educational failure not just on high schools but also on colleges. School & College, a special report by The Chronicle, looks at efforts to fix the system. What reforms would better prepare students for college? What should schools and colleges be doing differently? How should state and federal officials help?     

只要努力,不要后悔

There are numbers of crossroads on our long and unpredictable life journey where we totally have no idea about which direction to choose. No matter what our decision is, we should not turn back, but face the music and go ahead instead. I am this kind of girl who always does try without regretting, one example is how I dealt with my love.     

浅谈移民问题

Migration occurs behind a variety of reasons and has a great effect on the whole world. People may migrate in order to improve their economic situation, or in order to escape civil strife, persecution, and environmental disasters. The impact of migration is complex, bringing both benefits anddisadvantages. This paper briefly talks about the causes of migration, the allocation of benefits, and the ways in which individual countries and the international community deal with this important subject.     

Sister Carrie, an Adherent of Desires

Sister Carrie is one of the most controversial characters in American literature.Thought as a "fallen woman" firstly,she was defined as a "new woman" by some critics later. However, by digging into the motivaton behind the whole process of Carrie's "success", the relationship between Carrie and her creator (the author), the social conditions of then American, it can be found that Carrie has never been free-standing on her thought and she has never found her real-sdf even after becoming a famous actress. In a society dominated by mass consumerism Carrie is only an adherent of her own desires. She also is a representative of all those country girls flooded into cities, a symbol and a sacrifice of the urbanization of America in a time countryside was overcome by cities.     

Improvement of one-cycle controller by use of proportional integral differential controller

1.IntroductionOne-cyclecontrolmethod,whichwasproposedaboutonedecadeago[1],hasbecomeanattractivemethodinspecialfieldssuchaspowerfactorcorrection[2-6],switchingamplifiers[7,8],etc.Themainideaofthiscontrollerisbasedonintegrationofdiodevoltageinone-cycleandforcesittobeexactlyequaltothereferencevalue.Themainadvantageofthiscontrollerisitsrealtimeabilitytorejectthevariationofinputvoltage[1].Despitethisgreatability,ithasnogoodperformancesinrejectingofloaddisturbanceandfollowingreferencecommands.Espec…     

库克斯顿城堡

城堡, 是欧洲典型的建筑之一, 每个城堡都有一个美丽的传说或是一段历史。从本期开始, 我们将推出“城堡之旅”, 带各位读者去浏览、观赏欧洲各地的城堡, 开始一段文化与历史的旅途!     

The Reader Response Approach to Teaching of English Literature

During interview with English majors, it was found that a majority of students expressed disappointment with their experience of English literature classes. Students' dislike of learning English literature appears to be the major problem of teaching English literature in China. Reader response approach is a good way to solve this problem. In this paper, I explain the rationale behind the reader response approach, such as its origin, definition, features, assumptions, and strategies. Then I illustrate how reader response approach works as a teaching strategy by presenting several teaching models. At last I evaluate its usefuiness for teachers and present the advantages of reader response approach in Chinese context.