Publications on a drug before the first report of its administration to man

The early published literature on thirty drugs used clinically in humans was searched and ranked chronologically for each drug. The median number of papers appearing before the first report of a human's receiving the drug (the "first-human-paper," or FHP) was two. The median years that elapsed from the first paper until the FHP was one. No significant difference was evident in these respects between pharmacologic and antimicrobial drugs. About 90 percent of the time fewer than ten papers were published and fewer than seven years elapsed before the FHP.     

Postage--boon or bane: an evaluation of one library's MLA exchange transactions

An analysis of MLA Exchange material shipped as well as received is presented. It was found that, of 10,382 items shipped during a twelve-month period to 588 libraries, 332 of these mailings, or 56 percent, were sent for ten cents or less, at a total of $24.80 for postage, an average of $6.20 per exchange list. Similarly, a six-month log of items received by the library shows that 55 percent of these mailings was sent to the library for ten cents or less. The results of this study suggest that the waiving of small fees could eliminate more than half of the donor library's record keeping on postal reimbursements and that it could cut the receiving library's actual reimbursement cost, which is shown to reach 250 percent.     

The Canadian State of Mind: Coverage of Men and Women Athletes in the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation’s Prime Time Broadcast of the 2014 Sochi Winter Olympic Games

The following study represents the first attempt in to empirically analyze the Canadian Broadcast Corporation’s (CBC) prime time Olympic broadcast to determine if there were significant trends based on the sex of the athlete. All 72 hours of the CBC’s 2014 prime time Winter Olympic broadcast were analyzed. When excluding mixed-pair competitions, men received 60.4 percent of the airtime. Men received 61.2 percent of the mentions and comprised 65 percent of the top 20 most-mentioned athletes list. Sportscaster dialogues surrounding the attributions of success and failure of athletes, as well as depictions of physicality and personality, contained some divergences based on the sex of an athlete. Men were more likely to be depicted as succeeding because of athletic ability and intelligence while women were more likely to have their successes attributed to experience. Additionally, men were more likely to have their failures attributed to lack of intelligence. In the areas of personality/physicality, women athletes were more likely to receive comments about their size/parts of the body while men were more likely to receive comments in the areas of outgoing/extroversion and emotions.     

Post-Master's Educational Needs of Information Professionals

ABSTRACT

This study investigated the post-master's educational needs and interests of information professionals. The population for the study consisted of members of the library associations of Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and Ontario, Canada. About 78 percent of the respondents held a master's degree in library science, 22 percent a master's degree in another discipline, almost 1 percent was enrolled in a doctoral program, 1 percent possessed a doctorate, and 16 percent had some other degree. Given the choice of an LIS only doctoral program or one combined with the field of business administration or computer science, the participants expressed a slight preference for the LIS only program. Of the other fields suggested by participants, education and public administration were the most popular. Participants also expressed a strong preference for non-traditional modes of instruction.     

A comparison of OCLC and ILLINET online as tools for pre-order citation verification

ILLINET Online, Illinois's powerful online catalog and resource sharing network, is extensive enough to be considered a rival to OCLC as a source for preorder citation verification. This study was undertaken to determine if a sizeable percentage of the titles that are presently being verified on OCLC prior to ordering at Western Illinois University Library could be verified at the time of order on the ILLINET Online database instead.A sample issue of the Processing Information List, a biweekly listing of titles on order or in process at WIU, was selected to provide the study sample. From this list of OCLC verified titles, approximately 10 percent were checked on ILLINET Online to see if they were included in the statewide database at the time of order. The study revealed that 80.2% of the titles could have been verified without cost on the ILLINET Online system. Problem areas were predictable: foreign language titles, foreign imprint titles, nonbook materials, dissertations, and very recent publications. However, time and money could be saved if the ILLINET database substituted for OCLC in pre-order verification.     

SOURCE CREDIBILITY AND JOURNALISM

The extent to which information sources, that stand behind virtually all the news, are perceived by journalists as credible is a key determinant of the likelihood of their obtaining news access and public voice. The nature of source credibility judgment in journalism, however, is disputed between two major schools: while the “visceral” camp contends that it is highly subjective, intuitive and biased, the “discretional” camp perceives it as a far more reasonable and legitimate journalistic tool. The present study attempts to uncover evidence of both “visceral” and “discretional” judgment by studying the conceptual credibility (trustworthiness ratings) and practical credibility (practices indicating trust or skepticism, such as cross-checking and attribution) and the congruence between the two in a sample of 840 news items based on 1870 news sources. Findings were gleaned in face-to-face reconstruction interviews with reporters from nine leading Israeli news organizations, who reconstructed, source by source, the processes behind their items, shortly after their publication. Pro-discretional evidence shows that while journalists perceive their own experience as more credible than that of any other human agent, they do tend to stick with sources they perceive as more credible, the majority of which were relied on in the past, granting them more ready acceptance. Pro-visceral evidence, in turn, demonstrates that even the least credible sources receive substantial news space, some without any cross-checking. Furthermore, reporters ranked their sources' credibility even when they had no former record of trustworthiness. The paper suggests interpreting the composite of these findings as discretional logic with islands of visceral judgment.     

Attitudes of researchers towards plagiarism: A study on a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh,Saudi Arabia

Plagiarism is one of the most common research misconducts and has many negative consequences. It can potentially destroy the reputation of an institution. Only a few studies have explored plagiarism in Saudi Arabia, and these have focused on academic institutions. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the attitudes of researchers towards plagiarism at a tertiary care hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, using the established Attitudes Towards Plagiarism questionnaire. The questionnaire contains demographic data along with 29 statements divided into three sections: positive attitude towards plagiarism, which reflects the approval and acceptance of plagiarism (12 items); negative attitude towards plagiarism, which reflects deprecation and condemnation of plagiarism (7 items); and subjective norms towards plagiarism, which reflects personal perception of the extent and acceptance of plagiarism in society (10 items). Responses were collected from 237 participants. The overall attitudes of researchers showed a disapproval for plagiarism in medical research but also revealed some ambiguity about self‐plagiarism and a belief that others were more likely to plagiarize than the respondent. Our findings suggest that awareness about different forms of plagiarism among researchers should be increased. We recommend that researchers' attitudes towards plagiarism should be investigated further in a rigorous association study.     

对图书涨价情况的再探讨

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Publication and citation patterns among LIS faculty: Profiling a “typical professor”

Research on publication and citation patterns generally focuses on prolific or highly cited authors or on highly ranked programs. This study investigates the work and influence of a cross-section of library and information science (LIS) researchers at various stages of their academic lives, using a random sample of faculty members at programs accredited by the American Library Association. The analysis shows that the number of publications increases steadily as faculty rank advances. Assistant professors publish more conference papers and fewer journal articles, a pattern that is reversed with associate and full professors. Researchers used Web of Science® and Google™ Scholar to determine the influence of the publications. Web of Science reported no citations for most LIS faculty publications. With its broader scope, Google Scholar located more citations and revealed that the works of professors are cited significantly more frequently than publications by assistant or associate professors. When faculty profiles are compared by type of program, faculty members at schools granting doctoral degrees publish significantly more than their counterparts at schools where there is no doctoral program or where the doctoral degree is offered jointly with other academic units. When the comparison is made across ranks, full professors publish significantly more than faculty members at other ranks. There is no significant difference between assistant and associate professors.     

Open Access Journals in College Library Collections

Students and scholars can take full advantage of Open Access journals only if libraries make them available through mechanisms that are familiar to patrons. This study examines the extent to which American liberal arts colleges have provided access to Open Access journals through their journal title lists (Serials Solutions, Ex Libris, etc.) and their online public access catalogs (OPACs). While 57 percent of the colleges provide access to at least 90 percent of the journals in our sample, 20 percent of the colleges provide access to fewer than 20 percent of the journals. Large and high-impact journals are especially likely to appear in libraries' catalogs and journal lists. There is no systematic trend by publication fee status or country of publication, however. The study concludes with a discussion of the strategies libraries can use to select Open Access journals and add them to their collections.     

Retracted publications in pharmacy systematic reviews

Objective:Systematic reviews and other evidence syntheses, the pinnacle of the evidence pyramid, embody comprehensiveness and rigor; however, retracted data are being incorporated into these publications. This study examines the use of retracted publications in the field of pharmacy, describes characteristics of retracted publications cited by systematic reviews, and discusses factors associated with citation likelihood.Methods:Using data from Retraction Watch, we identified retracted publications in the pharmacy field. We identified all articles citing these retracted publications in Web of Science and Scopus and limited results to systematic reviews. We classified the retraction reason, determined whether the citation occurred before or after retraction, and analyzed factors associated with the likelihood of systematic reviews citing a retracted publication.Results:Of 1,396 retracted publications, 283 were cited 1,096 times in systematic reviews. Most (65.0%) (712/1096) citations occurred before retraction. Citations were most often to items retracted due to data falsification or manipulation (39.2%), followed by items retracted due to ethical misconduct including plagiarism (30.4%), or concerns about or errors in data or methods (26.2%). Compared to those not cited in systematic reviews, cited items were significantly more likely to be retracted due to data falsification and manipulation, were published in high impact factor journals, and had longer delays between publication and retraction.Conclusions:Further analysis of systematic reviews citing retracted publications is needed to determine the impact of flawed data. Librarians understand the nuances involved and can advocate for greater transparency around the retraction process and increase awareness of challenges posed by retractions.     

Mechanization of library procedures in the medium-sized medical library. XI. Two methods of providing selective dissemination of information to medical scientists

The purpose of this study was to determine if a computerized commercial selective dissemination of information service could contribute to the services offered to the patrons of a specific medical library who were already participating in a manual selective dissemination of information service. The citations generated by the two services were contrasted on the basis of literature coverage, timeliness of retrieval, and relevancy of output. Eighty-four percent of the discrete citations retrieved were from 664 periodicals subscribed to by both services. Only 16 percent of the total of 1,387 discrete citations were produced by both services. The manual service was more timely; and, although it produced fewer citations, a higher percentage of these were relevant. Numerically, a total of 346 useful citations were recovered by the manual service and 379 from the commercial service. It appears, therefore, that a computerized commercial SDI service could contribute to the services offered to the medical scientists participating in a manual SDI service.     

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尽管ＩＰＣ力图包括全部应用技术领域，并列有约６万条类目，人们在使用该表时仍有时找不到满意的类名，些时可考虑：（１）使用外延更广的上位类号扩检；（２）查找余类；（３）查找意义相近的类目等办法。此外还应考虑其相关类目：（１）方法类与设备类，只标明设备的类目有可能包含相关的生产方法，反之亦然；（２）方法类与产品类；（３）功能类与应类。     

科技期刊选订的系统聚类分析与决策

论文选择期刊类型、质量、信息量和订购价格四类指标作为聚类要素,对某一学科领域内的23种中文科技期刊进行了系统聚类分析。当聚类距离λ=3.29时,可将这23种科技期刊划分为7类。在分析各类期刊优缺点的基础上,合理确定其订购原则,旨在对高校图书馆科技期刊选订工作产生一定的指导作用。     

The highs and lows of physical browsing: How shelf position affects book usage in academic libraries

In most academic libraries, books are placed on shelves in an order determined by their Library of Congress call number. Many who work in libraries have had the general impression that books that end up on the upper and lower shelves are at a disadvantage for being used. Surprisingly, little research had been done to test this assumption quantitatively. This study sought to address that deficit by measuring 2.25 years of usage statistics of approximately 21,000 books correlated to what shelves they were on.There was a clear preference for in-library use of items stored at the eye level of average patrons. For both checkouts and in-library use, items from the bottom shelf were used the least. When correlated to the different ways books could be discovered and then removed from the shelves, results indicated that physically browsing the shelves biased a patron to choose books at eye level significantly more often and to choose books on the bottom shelf significantly less often.While done in a large, academic library, this research may be useful to any library where books are placed on bookshelves for patrons to browse.     

Structuring the pre-search reference interview: a useful technique for handling clinical questions

OBJECTIVES: To explore whether structuring a literature search request form according to an evidence-based medicine (EBM) anatomy elicits more information, improves precision of search results, and is acceptable to participating librarians. METHODS: Multicenter before-and-after study involved six different libraries. Data from 195 minimally structured forms collected over four months (Phase 1) were compared with data from 185 EBM-structured forms collected over a further four-month period following a brief training intervention (Phase 2). Survey of librarians' attitudes toward using the EBM-structured forms was conducted early during Phase 2. RESULTS: 380 request forms, EBM-structured and minimally structured, were analyzed using SPSS. A statistically significant Pearson correlation was found between use of the EBM-structured form and complexity of the search strategy (P = 0.002). The correlation between clinical requests handled by the EBM-structured form and fewer items retrieved was also statistically significant (P = 0.028). However, librarians rated minimally structured forms more highly than EBM-structured forms against all dimensions except informativeness. CONCLUSIONS: Although use of the EBM-structured forms is associated with more precise searches and more detailed search strategies, considerable work remains on making these forms acceptable to both librarians and users. Nevertheless, with increased familiarity and improved training, information retrieval benefits could be translated into more effective search practice.     

The Browser and the Library

The frequency of browsing as a method of choosing material in public libraries, and the failure of most libraries to organize material in a way likely to appeal to browsers is discussed. The concern with the browser emerged from a needs survey of the users of one suburban Sydney library. The users were classified according to the specificity of their requirements. Almost 50 percent of those interviewed stated that they had come to the library to browse. In light of this finding, the investigators suggest possible changes in public libraries that would make library collections more "browser friendly. "     

Reducing Native Advertising Deception: Revisiting the Antecedents and Consequences of Persuasion Knowledge in Digital News Contexts

Building on the persuasion knowledge model, this study examines how audience characteristics and native advertising recognition influence the covert persuasion process. Among a nationally representative sample of U.S. adults (N = 738), we examined digital news readers’ recognition of a sponsored news article as advertising. Although fewer than 1 in 10 readers recognized the article as advertising, recognition was most likely among younger, more educated consumers who engaged with news media for informational purposes. Recognition led to greater counterarguing, and higher levels of informational motivation also led to less favorable evaluations of the content among recognizers. News consumers were most receptive to native advertising in a digital news context when publishers were more transparent about its commercial nature. Beyond theoretical insights into the covert persuasion process, this study offers practical utility to the advertisers, publishers, and policymakers who wish to better understand who is more likely to be confused by this type of advertising so that they can take steps to minimize deception.