Education returns of wage earners and self-employed workers: Rejoinder

In their reply to our comment, García-Mainar and Montuenga-Gómez [García-Mainar, I., & Montuenga-Gómez, V. M. (2009). A response to the comment on education returns of wage earners and self-employed workers. Economics of Education Review] did not address our fundamental criticism that they have not provided the information necessary to replicate their study.     

Education returns of wage earners and self-employed workers: Comment

In a recent paper, García-Mainar and Montuenga-Gómez [García-Mainar, I. & Montuenga-Gómez, V. M. (2005). Education returns of wage earners and self-employed workers: Portugal vs. Spain. Economics of Education Review, 24(2), 161−170] apply the generalized IV model of Hausman and Taylor to estimate education returns of wage earners and the self-employed in Portugal and in Spain. Our examination reveals several problems which relate to the validity and documentation of the instrumental variables, as well as the robustness of the results.     

Educational returns beyond the mean: Differences along wage distributions of men and women in India's formal labor market

Unlike previous studies on educational returns in developing countries, this paper examines the distributional impacts of education on wages using a recently developed econometric approach – unconditional quantile regressions. The results yield unconditional impacts of education at different points of the wage distribution and, therefore, are more informative from a policy perspective than both traditional regression and quantile regression methods commonly used for estimating educational returns. We use a nationally representative dataset on labor markets in India, collected in 2005–2006. The results reveal significant heterogeneity in education's effects along the wage distribution and striking differences in these patterns by gender: the effect of primary education is found to be significantly higher for women than men in the middle of the wage distribution; while the effect of post primary education exhibits a distinct pattern whereby women get significantly higher rewards than men above the median and significantly lower rewards than men below the median. These findings have direct implications for the targeting of education policies that seek to reduce gender wage inequality.     

The returns to education for opportunity entrepreneurs,necessity entrepreneurs,and paid employees

We assess the relevance of formal education on the productivity of the self-employed, distinguishing between opportunity entrepreneurs, who voluntarily pursue a business opportunity, and necessity entrepreneurs, who lack alternative employment options. We expect differences in the returns to education between these groups due to different levels of control over the use of their human capital. The analysis employs the German Socio-Economic Panel and accounts for the endogeneity of education and non-random selection. Results indicate that the returns to a year of education for opportunity entrepreneurs are similar to the paid employees’ rate of 8.8%, but 3 percentage points lower for necessity entrepreneurs. Pooling the two types of entrepreneurs tends to understate the value of education for opportunity entrepreneurs and may spark misguided hopes concerning necessity entrepreneurs. The results may also partly explain Europe/US differences in average entrepreneurial returns.     

体验式教育与传统创业教育模式相结合的构想

我国创业教育起步较晚,机制尚不健全,传统的创业教育有许多不足之处,体验式教育理念具有一定的积极作用与可借鉴性。体验式教育与传统创业教育相结合,对提高以理论知识为主的教育模式有借鉴意义。在此基础上,建立新型的体验式创业教育体系尤其必要,对提高学生的创业能力大有裨益,为此提出相关见解。     

创业教育初探

引导学生树立创业意识，学习创业知识，以提高创业的能力。     

Gender-based wage differentials in a predominantly female profession: observations from nursing

Despite numerous studies examining nursing wages, very little attention has focused on nursing wage differentials. We build on previous research by modeling nursing wages and examining male–female wage differences within the context of the current nursing shortage. Our results show that male nurses do earn a wage premium, largely explained by employment as a nurse anesthetist, job satisfaction, and experience. Whether or not this differential indicates discrimination toward females in the US nursing labor market is unclear. Since males represent a small proportion of the nursing workforce, the time required for males to become prevalent in the nursing labor market and help ease the nursing shortage is unknown. Consequently, one must ask whether the male wage premium is sufficient to attract substantial numbers of men into nursing, and whether wages, in general, are sufficient to attract the requisite numbers of males and females into nursing to address the shortage ‘crisis’.     

论高水平大学创业教育的三个转变

高水平大学的创业教育关系着创业型人才的培养和创新型国家的建设,它将更加突出具有引领性的技术创业、具有强烈社会责任感的社会创业和普遍提升的大学生创业意识。因此,高水平大学的创业教育的培养目标应该是有志于担当社会责任、创造社会财富的创业精英,在此基础上从创业教育的组织机制、学科技术、氛围营造三个维度推进创业教育的三大转变,即:从碎片化和松散性到机制化和组织性,从学科技术单一化到多学科技术集成融合,从学而优则仕、学而优则研到学而优则创。     

Direct and indirect effects of education on job satisfaction: A structural equation model for the Spanish case

Empirical literature has traditionally analyzed the effect of education on job satisfaction with single-equation models that ignore interrelationships between theoretical explanatory variables. Their results are somewhat inconclusive. We propose estimating a structural equation model to obtain both the direct effects and the set of indirect effects. Analysis of these effects allows us to explain the apparent contradictions that have existed to date, and to improve knowledge of the economic value of education. The proposed model shows that people with higher levels of formal education are more satisfied with their jobs, because they are more likely to access jobs with characteristics that provide greater satisfaction.     

构建创业教育复合平台--联合国教科文组织中国创业教育联盟成立大会暨首届年会综述

由联合国教科文组织亚太教育局、中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会、浙江大学共同主办的联合国教科文组织中国创业教育联盟成立大会暨首届年会于2014年11月26－27日在杭州召开。创业教育领域的专家、学者和实践工作者、企业代表就“我国创业人才培养的战略地位与路径选择”、“中国创业教育联盟的组织构架与战略构思”、“中国高校创业教育理论与实践”等议题展开深入研讨,提出我国创业教育要实施系统改革、加强平台建设、推进多方协作等建议。     

高水平大学创业教育发展策略——以剑桥大学为例

剑桥大学积淀的创业教育理念促使其经历了创业文化的转型与适应,建立了独特的创业教育体系框架,通过"剑桥创业中心"融入英国宏观创业教育体系,借助"创业学习中心"引领和推动多元化创业教育项目实施,依托"赫尔曼·豪瑟专家中心"创立了"中介运行方式"推进全校性创业教育发展。剑桥大学的创业教育发展策略值得深入分析、反思与借鉴。     

Students’ expectations of the economic returns to college education: results of a controlled experiment

We report the results of an experiment designed to elicit students’ subjective beliefs about the economic returns to college education. An important feature of our experimental design is the inclusion of financial incentives for accurate reporting. We also consider the extent to which individuals’ beliefs about their own returns differ from their beliefs about the returns for others. The evidence shows that students do have a self-enhancement tendency, and this finding cannot be attributed to previously uncontrolled order effects. The evidence also indicates that there is no significant difference between beliefs elicited using hypothetical surveys or real financial incentives in the elicitation procedure. This finding suggests that economists’ reluctance to gather subjective data on earnings expectations may not be warranted.     

Knowing what it takes: The effect of information about returns to studying on study effort and achievement

We study the effect of providing students with information on the returns to study effort in a large introductory microeconomics course. To do so, we use historical time-use data from the course’s online homework module to estimate the association between study time and course performance. We measure the impact of providing students this information on subsequent study effort, class attendance, homework scores, and exam performance using a randomized research design. Results show that the information contained in our intervention increased time spent studying by approximately 7% throughout the entire course, though this effect is imprecisely measured. However, when examining shorter-run outcomes (prior to the next exam) we find larger and more precisely estimated treatment effects on time spent on homeworks (12%) and homework scores (14% of a standard deviation). Treatment effects on longer run outcomes in the course are negligible. We additionally estimate large, but somewhat imprecise, average treatment effects on class attendance and small positive and insignificant average treatment effects on exam performance throughout the course.     

英国大学生创业教育实践路径探析

本文在总结英国创业教育环境变化的基础上,分析了目前英国大学生创业教育实践的主要路径,并对其成效与影响因素进行分析,得出对我国的启示.     

日本大学创业教育的发展与特点

近年来,为了培养能在未来社会驰骋的青年一代,日本政府从环境、教育、制度等方面积极推进创业教育,学校也积极配合产业结构调整人才培养战略,积极探索创业人才培养的优秀方案.创业教育,特别是大学创业教育在日本呈现高涨势头.理念的提出为日本创业教育提供了构架,同时形成了一些显著特点.     

Higher levels of education for higher private returns: New evidence from Malaysia

This study provides new and more accurate information about private rates of return to education (RORE) in Malaysia. Most of the prior studies on RORE have not addressed selectivity bias, and those that have are based on an older data set. The findings suggest that for both males and females, the average private returns to education are highest at the secondary (16.5 percent and 27.2 percent, respectively) and university (15.5 percent and 16.1 percent, respectively) education levels. Thus, it is important to pursue education until the secondary level and further to the university level to capture higher returns to education.     

新时期欧盟创业教育发展策略

迈入新的历史发展阶段,面对当前的经济局势与未来发展需求,2013年,欧盟通过《2020创业行动计划》提出了系统的创业教育行动战略。该行动计划强调终身创业能力培育的发展走向,从欧盟与成员国两个层面制定了基础教育与高等教育两个阶段的创业教育规划,提出为不同人群制定创业教育服务,为欧盟成员国未来几年创业教育体系建设指明了方向。     

Changes in returns to education in India, 1983–94: by gender, age-cohort and location

There is hardly any estimate of the monetary returns to schooling in the labor market in India based on national level representative data for the recent period. This paper provides estimates of the returns to education in wage employment in India by gender, age cohort and location (rural–urban) for the most recent period 1993/4, and also evaluates the changes in returns over a period of time from 1983–94 using data from a large national level household survey. The estimates show that the returns to education increase up to the secondary level and decline thereafter. There is evidence of substantial gender and rural–urban differences in the returns to schooling. Investment in women's education, particularly at the middle, lower secondary and higher secondary levels, is more profitable than that for men in 1983 and also in 1993/4. The returns to women's primary and middle levels of education have declined while those to secondary and college levels have increased during the decade 1983–94.     

Overeducation on the Belgian labour market: evaluation and analysis of the explanatory factors through two types of approaches

This paper examines the incidence and determinants of overeducation in the Belgian private sector. Two different approaches are used to define overeducation by means of data on characteristics of employees and employers. Using the 1995 Structure of Earnings Survey, between 22% and 24% of the workforce is found to be overeducated. Results support the idea that employers view labour market experience as a substitute for formal education. They also show that male workers and people employed in state‐owned firms are less affected by overeducation. Further results suggest that the size of the establishment has a very weak (negative) impact on overeducation.     

教育--人力资本投资新领域

教育是一种生产性活动,它能增长一个人的能力,包括技能、技术、文化水平、企业精神、管理能力等.教育的结果能使生产增值,使社会经济迅速发展.教育是人力资本形成的最佳途径,教育体制改革是人力资本适应时代发展要求的保障.教育要面向人的全面协调发展,最大限度地开发人的潜在能力,教育领域必将成为人力资本投资的最新领域.