运动诱导肌源性 IL26 基因表达和蛋白释放与 G L UT4 基因表达的关系研究

目的:研究不同肌糖原状态下运动诱导肌源性白细胞介素6(Interukin-6,IL-6)表达及蛋白释放与葡萄糖转运体4(Glucose Transport 4,GLUT4)基因表达的关系.方法:通过特定的运动方案和饮食方案造成大鼠在运动前体内肌糖原含量不同,再观察定量负荷跑台运动后肌源性IL-6表达及释放与葡萄糖转运体GLUT4基因表达的变化规律.结果:血清IL-6浓度在运动30min后显著增加,运动120min后达到峰值,运动后逐渐降低;骨骼肌IL-6mRNA在运动120min后显著增加,运动后3-6h继续增加至峰值;骨骼肌GLUT4mRNA在运动时并未增加,而在运动后3h开始增加,运动后6h达到峰值.上述三个指标在低肌糖原组的增加与正常糖原组相比更加显著.结论:低肌糖原含量可以促进运动中IL-6的释放及运动后恢复期IL-6和GLUT4的基因表达;运动导致恢复期GLUT4基因表达的增加很有可能与肌源性IL-6的表达及IL-6的自分泌作用有关.     

运动中活性氧与抗氧化剂补充的内稳态研究述评

有氧代谢不可避免地产生活性氧(reactive oxygen species,ROS).尽管过多的ROS具有毒性作用,但一定的ROS却在细胞信号转导和抗氧化酶基因表达上起着重要的作用.运动训练能建立和维持氧化-抗氧化内稳态(oxidant-antioxidant homeostasis,OAH).OAH可以将ROS维持在一定的水平.OAH可以抵抗的ROS涨落有一定的范围(OAH-specific ROS level zone,oROZ),其最大值和最小值分别记为maxROZ和minROZ.将刚能引起氧化应激的ROS称为应激ROS水平(stressful ROS level,sROS).如果ROS水平经常低于minROZ,OAH就会退化.当ROS水平超过maxROZ达到sROS时,就可以打破现有OAH,建立抗氧化能力更强的新OAH.如果ROS水平引起细胞凋亡或损伤,补充外源性抗氧化剂是有益的.如果将ROS水平降低到minROZ之下,就会影响OAH的维持,外源性抗氧化剂的补充是有害的.如果将sROS降低到oROZ之中,就会影响新的OAH的建立,外源性抗氧化剂的补充是无益的.     

不同方式运动与脑源性神经营养因子

脑源性神经营养因子是神经营养素家族中重要的神经生长因子,在神经可塑性方面有着重要作用。随着其生物学功能认识的不断深入,人们逐渐认识到运动刺激对脑源性神经营养因子在神经元中表达有影响。本文就近年来国内外有关不同方式运动与脑源性神经营养因子的相关研究现状作一综述。     

肌源性肩痛诊断新思路

运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法、专家访谈法等研究方法对肌源性肩痛的相关肌肉的解剖结构、诊断方法、临床症状等方面进行归纳总结分析。目的是为了了解肌源性肩痛相关肌肉的解剖结构及疼痛症状,为其合理地提供诊断方法,从而为准确地诊治肌源性肩痛提供指导意见。结果表明:导致肩痛的肌肉主要有冈上肌、三角肌、冈下肌、小圆肌、肩胛提肌、肩胛下肌、胸大肌、肱三头肌、背阔肌、大圆肌、喙肱肌、上后锯肌、前锯肌、肱二头肌、斜方肌等。这些肌肉部分起止点相同,且某些肌肉疼痛部位大致相同,但产生的肩痛症状不一。因此,在诊断时需全面评估,综合分析,以达到准确治疗的目的。     

p38、NF-кB、IL-6在少肌症发生及其运动性缓解中的作用

目的:研究p38、NF-кB、IL-6在少肌症发生及运动缓解少肌症中的作用。方法:24只雄性SD大鼠分为3组,C组(青年安静组)、S组(40 d D-半乳糖注射致衰组)、E组(40 d D-半乳糖注射+6 w跑台运动组)。检测C、S、E组大鼠腓肠肌的质量、Phospho-p38、p38、Phospho-p65、p65、IL-6 mRNA、MRFs(MyoD、MyoG、Myf-5、MRF4)mRNA。结果:与C组相比,S组腓肠肌/体重、Phospho-p65、IL-6 mRNA降低,Phospho-p38、MyoD mRNA、MyoGmRNA、Myf-5 mRNA上升,与S组相比,E组腓肠肌/体重、Phospho-p38、Phospho-p65、IL-6 mRNA、MyoD mRNA、MyoG mRNA、MRF4 mRNA升高;MyoD mRNA/MyoG mRNA比值为S组低于C组,E组高于S组;C组、S组、E组p38及p65均无显著性差异。结论:NF-кB与IL-6(或以NF-кB/IL-6形式)介导、而p38、MyoD、MyoG、Myf-5(或以p38/MyoD、MyoG、Myf-5形式)拮抗衰老引起肌肉流失(少肌症);p38、NF-кB、IL-6、MyoD、MyoG、MRF4参与了运动对少肌症的缓解,该过程可能以p38、NF-кB、IL-6(或以p38/NF-кB/IL-6形式)/MyoD、MyoG、MRF4通路形式进行;衰老诱导肌肉快-慢转化,运动抑制了该转化趋势;p38、p65表达对运动、衰老不敏感。     

p38、NF-κB、IL-6在少肌症发生及其运动性缓解中的作用

目的:研究p38、NF - κB、IL -6在少肌症发生及运动缓解少肌症中的作用.方法:24只雄性SD大鼠分为3组,C组(青年安静组)、S组(40 d D-半乳糖注射致衰组)、E组(40d D-半乳糖注射+6w跑台运动组).检测C、S、E组大鼠腓肠肌的质量、Phospho - p38、p38、Phospho - p65、p65、IL -6 mRNA、MRFs(MyoD、MyoG、Myf-5、MRF4)mRNA.结果:与C组相比,S组腓肠肌/体重、Phospho - p65、IL-6 mRNA降低,Phospho - p38、MyoD mRNA、MyoG mRNA、Myf-5 mRNA上升,与S组相比,E组腓肠肌/体重、Phospho - p38、Phospho-p65、IL-6 mRNA、MyoD mRNA、MyoG mRNA、MRF4 mRNA-升高;MyoD mRNA/MyoG mRNA比值为S组低于C组,E组高于S组;C组、S组、E组p38及p65均无显著性差异.结论:NF - κB与IL-6(或以NF - κB/IL -6形式)介导、而p38、MyoD、MyoG、Myf-5(或以p38/ MyoD、MyoG、Myf -5形式)拮抗衰老引起肌肉流失(少肌症);p38、NF - κB、IL-6、MyoD、MyoG、MRF4参与了运动对少肌症的缓解,该过程可能以p38、NF - κB、IL -6(或以p38/NF - κB/IL -6形式)/MyoD、MyoG、MRF4通路形式进行;衰老诱导肌肉快-慢转化,运动抑制了该转化趋势;p38、p65表达对运动、衰老不敏感.     

间歇性低氧训练在运动实践中的应用研究述评

间歇性低氧训练是利用低氧仪在平原条件下模拟不同海拔高度的高原低氧环境,对运动员进行间歇性(脉冲式)的低氧刺激,以提高运动员有氧代谢能力和抗缺氧能力的一种训练方法.20世纪90年代由俄罗斯逐渐传到其他国家,并应用到运动训练中.但是间歇性低氧训练实践一直存在争议:多数受试者的运动水平并不高,或者并没有设对照组,真正运用到优秀运动员并设有对照组的研究并不多,还有一些研究显示间歇性低氧训练不能提高运动能力.     

预运动训练对帕金森小鼠胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子的影响

目的:研究预运动训练对帕金森(PD)小鼠模型中脑和纹状体线粒体活性氧生成,胶质细胞系源性神经营养因子(GDNF)含量的影响。方法:6~8周龄雄性C57BL/6小鼠60只,随机分为安静组和运动组。运动组连续6周跑台训练,12 m/min,每天20 min。训练结束后各自随机分成两组,分别注射生理盐水或中等剂量MPTP(1-甲基-4-苯基-1,2,3,6-四氢吡啶),最后分为正常安静组(N)、正常运动组(EN)、安静帕金森造模组(P)和运动帕金森造模组(EP),每组15只。造模后第7天检测中脑和纹状体线粒体活性氧(ROS)生成速率,实时荧光定量PCR法测定中脑和纹状体组织GDNF基因表达,ELASA法测定中脑和纹状体组织和血清中GDNF蛋白含量。结果:(1)与N组相比,P组小鼠中脑和纹状体线粒体ROS生成速率显著升高,GDNF基因表达和蛋白含量显著增高;血清中GDNF蛋白含量无显著变化;(2)与P组相比,EP组小鼠中脑和纹状体GDNF基因和蛋白显著升高,ROS生成速率显著下降;血液中GDNF蛋白含量显著增高。结论:MPTP可致小鼠中脑和纹状体线粒体ROS生成增多,GDNF表达分泌代偿性增多;预运动训练可促进PD小鼠中脑和纹状体GDNF表达分泌,降低线粒体ROS生成,从而提高小鼠脑对MPTP毒性的抵抗作用。     

肌组织对耐力性运动适应能力的生理学分析

在耐力性运动中,有氧代谢是机体能量供应的1种主要方式,肌组织对有氧训练的适应能力是通过训练中肌肉的主动性运动而获取的。这些适应能力依靠运动训练的持续性而存在或发展;随运动训练的停止而减弱或消退。本文就肌纤维的类型、线粒体的含量、毛细血管的分布、血流量等方面分析了耐力性运动中肌组织在有氧代谢过程中所产生的适应性变化的机制以及运动强度和持续时间等外界因素对这种生理变化过程的影响。     

运动与脑源性神经营养因子

脑源性神经营养因子是神经营养素家族中重要的神经生长因子。近几十年来,随着对其生物学功能认识的逐渐深入,人们从不同的角度探讨影响脑源性神经营养因子的因素和机制。笔者综述了近年来国内外有关运动与脑源性神经营养因子的相关研究现状。     

The response of plasma interleukin-6 and its soluble receptors to exercise in the cold in humans

In this study, we wished to determine whether the changes in metabolism observed during exercise in the cold are associated with changes in interleukin-6 (IL-6) and/or its soluble receptors. Eight healthy male participants performed 1 h of cycling exercise at 70% VO2max in a control (20 degrees C) and cold (0 degrees C) environment. Plasma concentrations of IL-6, soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R), and sgp130 were measured before exercise, at 30 and 60 min of exercise, and 60 min after exercise. Substrate oxidation was estimated through measures of pulmonary gas exchange recorded between 50 and 55 min of cycling. Exercise in the cold resulted in an increase (P < 0.05) in carbohydrate oxidation (mean 2.58 g.min(-1), s = 0.49 at 20 degrees C vs. 2.85 g.min(-1), s = 0.58 at 0 degrees C) and a decrease (P < 0.05) in fat oxidation (0.55 g.min(-1), s = 0.17 at 20 degrees C vs. 0.38 g.min(-1), s = 0.16 at 0 degrees C) compared with the control trial. Interleukin-6 concentrations were elevated (P < 0.05) after 60 min of exercise in both the cold and control trials, with no differences between trials at any instant. Neither sIL-6R nor sgp130 was affected by exercise or the environment. The alterations in carbohydrate and fat utilization during 1 h of exercise in the cold are not paralleled by changes in plasma concentrations of IL-6 or its soluble receptors.     

Reproducibility of the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and run time to exhaustion during short-distance running

The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and the associated exercise time to exhaustion during short-distance running. Fifteen well-trained males (mean +/- s: VO2max = 58.0+/-4.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) performed the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit test at an exercise intensity equivalent to 125% VO2max. The test was repeated at the same time of day on three occasions within 3 weeks. There was no significant systematic bias between trials for either maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (man +/- s: trial 1 = 69.0+/-13.1; trial 2 = 71.4+/-12.5; trial 3 = 70.4+/-15.0 ml O2 Eq x kg(-1); ANOVA, F = 0.70, PP= 0.51) or exercise time to exhaustion (trial 1 = 194 + 31.1; trial 2 = 198 + 33.2; trial 3 = 201 + 36.8 s; F= 1.49, P = 0.24). In addition, other traditional measures of reliability were also favourable. These included intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.87, and sample coefficients of variation of 6.8% and 5.0%, for maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and exercise time to exhaustion respectively. However, the '95% limits of agreement' were 0+/-15.1 ml O2 Eq (1.01 multiply/divide 1.26 as a ratio) and 0+/-33.5 s (1.0 multiply/divide 1.18 as a ratio) for maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and exercise time to exhaustion respectively. We estimate that the sample sizes required to detect a 10% change in exercise time to exhaustion and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit after a repeated measures experiment are 10 and 20 respectively. Unlike the results of previous maximum accumulated oxygen deficit studies, we conclude that it is not a reliable measure.     

Reproducibility of the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and run time to exhaustion during short-distance running

The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and the associated exercise time to exhaustion during short-distance running. Fifteen well-trained males (mean - s : VO 2max = 58.0 - 4.6 ml.kg -1 .min -1 ) performed the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit test at an exercise intensity equivalent to 125% VO 2max . The test was repeated at the same time of day on three occasions within 3 weeks. There was no significant systematic bias between trials for either maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (mean - s : trial 1 = 69.0 - 13.1; trial 2 = 71.4 - 12.5; trial 3 = 70.4 - 15.0 ml O 2 Eq.kg -1 ; ANOVA, F = 0.70, P = 0.51) or exercise time to exhaustion (trial 1 = 194 - 31.1; trial 2 = 198 - 33.2; trial 3 = 201 - 36.8 s; F = 1.49, P = 0.24). In addition, other traditional measures of reliability were also favourable. These included intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.87, and sample coefficients of variation of 6.8% and 5.0%, for maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and exercise time to exhaustion respectively. However, the '95% limits of agreement' were 0 - 15.1 ml O 2 Eq (1.01 2 / 1 1.26 as a ratio) and 0 - 33.5 s (1.0 2 / 1 1.18 as a ratio) for maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and exercise time to exhaustion respectively. We estimate that the sample sizes required to detect a 10% change in exercise time to exhaustion and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit after a repeated measures experiment are 10 and 20 respectively. Unlike the results of previous maximum accumulated oxygen deficit studies, we conclude that it is not a reliable measure.     

Coach strategies for addressing psychosocial challenges during the return to sport from injury

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to examine coach strategies for addressing athletes' psychosocial challenges in returning to sport following injury rehabilitation. Qualitative interviews with eight elite coaches from the Western Australian Institute of Sport (WAIS) in Perth, Australia revealed that coaches facilitated athletes' return to sport from injury through a variety of means, but did not typically provide systematic forms of assistance. Coaches commented that the idiosyncratic nature of the injury experience meant that they needed to apply strategies consistent with athletes' particular psychosocial needs. Such strategies included: (a) coordination of a “team approach” to rehabilitation; (b) fostering open communication with athletes and treatment team members; (c) social support; (d) positive thinking and goal setting; and (e) role models. Analysis of these strategies revealed that coaches attempted to address competence, autonomy, and relatedness needs in facilitating athletes' return from injury. These findings suggest that self-determination theory may be a valuable approach for examining coach forms of assistance regarding athletes' return to competition following injury. Findings are discussed in relation to injury literature and self-determination theory. Suggestions for future research are also presented.     

IPv4过渡到IPv6的技术分析

本文详细分析了IPv4目前面临的主要问题,以及IPv6的核心技术,同时给出了当前通用的几种IPv4到IPv6的过渡技术和实现方法。     

对我国冬季项目北冰南展战略实施的回顾与思考

通过文献法、访谈法、数理统计法以及逻辑分析等方法,针对我国各省、市现有滑冰馆、滑冰俱乐部和我国各级运动队近年来重大比赛状况进行了研究分析,在结合我国目前冰上运动开展现状的基础上,对我国实施“北冰南移”战略实施的历史进行了梳理,并提出了我国冰雪运动可持续发展的对策与建议。     

从门票价格视角看职业足球竞赛产品的市场化

随着足球运动的发展，社会大众产生了观赏高水平足球竞赛表演的强烈要求，足球运动被赋予了市场价值，逐渐形成了职业足球。职业足球产品是一种特殊的商品，它以比赛的形式出现，消费者为观看和欣赏比赛的过程和结果，而支付必要的钱财。门票的价格成为这一产品价值的货币体现。相对于经营者而言，准确把握职业足球门票价格规律并由此制定合适的门票价格是进行职业足球竞赛产品营销的关键。     

1995-1999年福建省4人制沙滩排球比赛的分析

通过对历届福建省沙滩排球男子组进行多方面跟踪调查,分析了该系列赛事的竞赛制度与参赛队伍性质的变化情况,总结出有代表性的接发球阵形的优、缺点,从有效进攻数分析比赛攻防平衡的变化原因。     

体操游戏对5～6岁幼儿身体素质的影响

采用文献资料法、实验法等,以体操游戏创编与教学实践作为研究对象,结合幼儿基础体操和体育游戏创编要求,归纳总结了体操游戏的相关理论,创编出符合体操运动风格特色、健身效果明显、趣味性强、易于开展的体操游戏。建议重视幼儿体育理论与实践的研究,建立体操游戏学科体系,以此丰富幼儿教学手段,推动体操游戏教学的发展,促进幼儿体育教学改革。