School Autonomy: A Comparison between China and the United States

Abstract

This study examined and compared school autonomy in China and the United States. Based on the international PISA 2012 school data, the authors examined three aspects of school autonomy. We found that in comparison with the United States, (1) principals from China were less likely to have responsibility over eleven school decisions (hiring teachers, firing teachers, salary increase, budget formulation, budget allocation, disciplinary policies, assessment policies, student admittance, textbook selection, course content, and courses offered) and were similar in having responsibility over teacher start salaries, and (2) teachers from China were less likely to have responsibility over six school decisions (hiring teachers, budget formulation, disciplinary policies, textbook selection, course content, and courses offered), were more likely to have responsibility over two decisions (firing teachers, student admittance), and were similar in having responsibility over four decisions (teacher start salaries, salary increase, budget allocation, and assessment policies). We also found that schools in China had (1) lower responsibility for curriculum/assessment and lower responsibility for resource allocation and (2) a lower level of teacher participation/autonomy. The findings have implications for educational policy in China and the United States.     

School Choice Policies in England and the United States: An exploration of their origins and significance

This paper notes some similarities between school choice policies in England and the US and considers how far any convergences can be explained, on the one hand, by broader social changes and, on the other, by evidence of policy exchange. In the first case, it discusses the usefulness of concepts such as post-Fordism and post-modernity and indicates their limitations. In the second case, it identifies relevant neoliberal policy networks within and between the two countries but finds more evidence of the use of overseas examples to legitimate policies at home than it does of direct policy borrowing. Reflecting upon both sets of explanations, it argues for a clearer conceptualisation of the relationship between accounts of the micro-politics of policy making and macro-level theories of change.     

美国学校体罚与管教之新探

校园零体罚是目前中小学教育最关切的议题之一。教育部早已发布了禁止对学生体罚或变相体罚的指示学生自主权获得了更进一步的保障,然而学校及教师对学生的管教态度与方式却也同时面临了前所未有的挑战。因此,本文主要针对美国学校体罚之现况、相关法律基础,探讨目前美国中小学生管教方法之替代方案。期望通过本研究增进我国对美国学校体罚状况的了解以及新的思考方向。     

A Cross-Cultural Study of the Career Maturity of Korean and United States High School Students

The present study aimed at conducting a cross-cultural comparison of career maturity between Korea and the United States. First, a Korean version of the Career Attitude Maturity Inventory (CAMI) was constructed. Then, an English version parallel to that Korean version was formed following three stages of procedure; translation, back translation, and field study. Finally, high school students of 11th grade from two different cultures (331 from Korea and 266 from the United States) were administered to the CAMI. Results indicated that constructs of career maturity are similar across two cultures with no gender differences. However, it was found that the level of maturity for those constructs was culture-bound. Those findings were discussed in cultural aspects of the development of career maturity.     

Integrating Accountability With Choice: Implications for School Governance

As school choice policies continue to gain momentum in the American system of public education, a push for increased accountability by different levels of government has occurred. In some instances, policymakers have begun to pair public-school choice and performance-based accountability mechanisms within the same initiative (e.g., the Florida A+ Plan). Theoretically, whereas school choice is supposed to release schools and their potential for innovation and improvement from bureaucratic control, prevailing forms of educational accountability have arisen from politically negotiated, bureaucratically administered standards for school success. The purpose of this article is to explore the consequences of integrated choice/accountability policies for the organization and governance of schooling on purely conceptual grounds. In so doing, it exposes what may be a fundamental tension.     

Comprehensive School Guidance Programs in the United States: A Career Profile

An overview of the origin, evolution, and current status of comprehensive school guidance programs in the United States is presented. Specific emphasis is given to the important and central roles that career development concepts and practices have within these programs in the elementary, middle, and high schools of the United States. Possible implications for international career guidance leaders and practitioners are provided.

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Résumé. Programmes d’orientation pour l′enseignement secondaire aux Etats-Unis: un profil de vie professionnelle On présente une vue d′ensemble de l’origine, de l′évolution et de l′état actuel des programmes d’orientation pour l′enseignement secondaire aux Etats-Unis. On souligne en particulier les rôles importants et centraux que les concepts et les pratiques en matière de développement de vie professionnelle ont dans ces programmes dans les écoles primaires, l’enseignement secondaire moyen et l’enseignement secondaire supérieur aux Etats-Unis. On cite les implications possibles de cette analyse pour les autorités et les praticiens internationaux de conseil de carrière.Zusammenfassung. Umfassende schulische Beratungsprogramme in den USA: Ein Berufsprofil Es wird ein Überblick über die Ursprünge, die Entwicklung und den aktuellen Status umfassender schulischer Beratungsprogramme in den USA gegeben. Besondere Betonung liegt auf der wichtigen und zentralen Bedeutung, die Berufswahlkonzepte und –aktivitäten in diesen Programmen in den Grund-, Mittel- und Hochschulen der USA haben. Mögliche Schlussfolgerungen für internationale Leitfiguren der Beratung und Berater werden vorgeschlagen.Resumen. Programas Comprensivos de Orientación Escolar en los Estados Unidos: Un Perfil Profesional Se presenta un panorama general del origen, evolución y estado actual de los programas comprensivos de orientación escolar en los Estados Unidos. Se hace especial hincapié en la importancia y el papel central que juegan los conceptos y prácticas del desarrollo de la carrera dentro de estos programas en los niveles de educación primaria, secundaria inferior y superior de los Estados Unidos. Se sugieren posibles implicaciones para los orientadores y responsables de la orientación para la carrera en el ámbito internacional.

     

中、美、德大众体育兴起的横向比较

运用文献资料法对中、美、德三国大众体育兴起的社会、经济、文化、背景进行比较分析，提出了2001年前后中国的经济发展水平与美、德两国在20世纪60年代相比仍有较大的差距，中国居民的经济生活指标仍处于小康水平。为此，中国大众体育的开展应根据我国社会的经济发展状况，结合具体国情，在弘扬民族传统体育的基础上，借鉴先进的西方体育文化，提倡“先享后劳”的消费观念，改造和利用西方竞技体育，切实有效地开展全民健身运动。     

美国中小学艾滋病教育管窥

文章首先介绍了美国开展艾滋病教育的几个原则．之后结合美国疾病探制及预防中心开展的艾滋病教育调查介绍了美国艾滋病教育的总体概况．最后以最具代表性的纽约市作为个案介绍了地方是如何开展艾滋病教育的。     

美国的医学教育

文章根据最新数据与资料，介绍了美国医学院的入学要求、招生情况、学费标准、学制、住院实习要求、学生教师及医生的外国人比例、美国医学教育的问题与改革等情况。文章的主要结论是，美国医学教育由于入学门槛高、对新生选拔严格、学制较长、训练严格，因此水平较高。但由于学费昂贵，美国医学院录取的外国学生很少。由于美国人口数量不断增加，未来美国医生数量短缺较严重，再加上生物医学等学科的快速发展，美国医学教育面临新的发展与改革压力。     

Hebrew Education in the United States: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions

This article sketches the trajectory of Hebrew education in the United States from the early 1900s to the present. Attending to the historiography of Hebrew education, it shows how current curricula and pedagogical approaches have been stamped by historical considerations and language ideologies, how goals and strategies have changed (or remained the same) over time, and how the evolution of the field has been driven both by internal dynamics within the Jewish community and by changes in the broader social and political context of the United States. It concludes with a framework for constructing a meaningful research agenda for the future.     

高等教育质量保障的法律纠纷及解决机制——基于德国与美国的经验

高等教育质量保障的法律规制是大学法研究的前沿议题,以德国与美国为代表的两大法律体系,分别被纳入公法规制与普通法规制的范畴。在德国,高等教育认证行为属于行政行为,高校与认证代理机构之间的纠纷属于公法争议。申诉、行政诉讼与宪法诉愿等公法救济机制,构成德国高等学校与认证代理机构之间纠纷的解决渠道。如何避免认证对学术自由构成侵害,已成为德国公法学界与实务界关注的核心议题。受联邦宪法法院大学课程认证裁定的影响,德国高等教育认证体系正在进行深刻变革与调整。在美国,高等教育认证机构具有非营利性组织的法律地位,须履行诚实信用以及基本的正当程序等普通法的一般义务。高等教育认证机构对“认证联邦化”的抵制以及高等教育机构对认证决定的抱怨或不满,构成美国高等教育质量保障纠纷的焦点议题。穷尽内部救济与“司法终局性”原则,被视为美国高等教育质量保障纠纷的解决机制。德美两国在高等教育质量保障法律纠纷的解决中形成的经验和教训,对我国明确高等教育质量保障机构的法律地位、强化高等教育质量保障的程序正义、建全高等教育质量的多元纠纷解决机制具有重要启示。     

美、英、德、日四国研究生教育模式的比较

美、英、德、日四国的研究生教育模式各具优势,在相互借鉴与交流中大致形成了学徒式、专业式、协作式与产官学一体化等四种主要的培养模式,在培养目标、培养方式、培养过程与组织管理上各具特色。文章通过对美、英、德、日四国研究生教育模式的比较分析,期望能为我国高校的研究生教育改革提供学习和借鉴。     

中美初中数学课程的比较研究

以中美两国现行初中数学课程标准以及我国人民教育出版社2008年出版的《数学》与Pearson出版集团2009年出版的《Connected Mathematics(第二版)》、美国McGraw-Hill公司2009年出版的《IMPACT Mathematics》为主要研究对象,从课程理念、课程目标、课程内容分布等方面进行比较分析,借此探求中关初中数学课程的异同,进而对我国初中数学课程提供一定的参考与借鉴.     

中美两国学校健康教育之比较

采用献研究法、专家访谈法对中美两国学校健康教育的课程设置、教学内容、教材以及师资培养进行比较分析,并对我国学校健康教育提出了建议。     

发达国家可持续发展职业教育的概况与启示——以德国和美国为例

职业教育的可持续发展,植根于绿色经济的快速发展和对绿色技能需求的不断增加。我国实施职业教育可持续发展战略,是参与经济全球化进程的必然趋势、是实现供给侧结构性改革的应有之义、是完善职业教育和培训体系的关键道路。近年来,许多发达国家和发展中国家都在积极推进可持续发展职业教育。其中,德国的可持续发展职业教育体系由现状调查、职业的可持续发展潜能开发、企业和学校建立可持续学习场所、可持续能力要求与课程和教学的实施五个行动领域构成;美国的可持续发展职业教育则包括绿色学历证书教育、绿色职业资格证书培训、绿色执照培训与绿色学徒培训。德国和美国的经验为我国实施职业教育可持续发展战略提供了理论与行动的价值参考。     

Policy Expansion of School Choice in the American States

This research study explores the policy expansion of school choice within the methodological approach of event history analysis. The first section provides a comparative overview of state adoption of public school choice laws. After creating a statistical portrait of the contemporary landscape for school choice, the authors introduce event history analysis as a methodological solution to the problem of measuring policy expansion. Building on previous studies in the social science literature, we proceed to discuss political, economic, and social factors related to the passage of charter school laws. A multivariate analysis finds state adoption is significantly related to partisan gubernatorial control, classroom spending, private schools, education finance litigation, and minority representation. The final section discusses the empirical results in the modern policy environment and proposes future directions for comparative state research.