基于语义模型的数字图书馆知识组织信息抽取策略

简述语义模型是实现数字资源语义关系形式化描述的方式,是数字图书馆知识组织语义互联的重要影响因素。作为数字图书馆知识组织语义互联的重要环节,信息抽取需要本体提供语义知识依据,同时产生的文档也可以作为设计和丰富本体的知识资源。构建数字图书馆知识组织语义互联的语义模型以“元数据、领域本体、桥本体、本体解析体系”为核心要素,在此基础上探讨信息抽取的策略。     

Transnational public sector knowledge networks: A comparative study of contextual distances

As governments work to prevent, mitigate, or solve problems of global concern, they increasingly need to exchange knowledge and information among the expert organizations responsible for policies and programs that address them. We call these working arrangements transnational public sector knowledge networks (TPSKNs). The actors in these networks exist within their own informational, organizational, and national contexts and they need to find ways to interact effectively with counterparts who are embedded in different contexts. In this research, we show how understanding these differences, or contextual distances, can help assess, design, and manage TPSKNs. The paper compares two such networks, in environmental quality and public health, across nine contextual distances. All distances were present in both cases despite differences in focus, participants, and time frame. A variety of strategies and tools served to narrow, bridge, or capitalize on these distances thus helping the networks achieve desirable results.     

纳米科技学科领域的知识交流——基于期刊引文网络的分析

以JCR数据库中期刊间的引用关系为基础,应用期刊引文网络分析方法,从学科整体和期刊个体两个层面分析纳米科技学科领域的知识交流。在学科整体层面,发现纳米科技内部知识交流密集,NANOTECHNOLOGY、NANO LETT和J PHYS CHEM C等期刊是知识交流的核心节点。在期刊个体层面,通过分析NAT NANO和NANOMED这两种代表性期刊的引证网络和被引网络,发现纳米科技在学科间的知识交流中起纽带作用。      

国外图书馆对弱势群体知识援助的历史与现状

公共图书馆对弱势群体的知识援助贯穿了整个公共图书馆发展历史,从最初为弱势群体打开知识大门到关注他们的知识平等获取,再到帮助弱势群体增长知识素养,可以说知识援助的广度和深度都在不断拓展。关注知识贫困、弥合知识鸿沟,将是当代图书馆发展面临的迫切任务。     

The Rights and Wrongs of Operational Practices in the Scottish Publishing Industry

Digital publishing has been considered as a panacea to bridge the gaps between different sized publishing companies: allowing small, independent companies to compete on an equal footing with cross-media conglomerates. However, this research discovered that Scottish publishers are not capitalising on new technology and new platforms for dissemination: this is detrimental to the authors they represent. The empirical research found that the majority of Scottish publishers are not fostering intellectual property rights (IPR) effectively across international markets and new media: The failure to do this means that the operational practices of the Scottish publishing industry are not in harmony with the burgeoning digital publishing environment. If Scottish publishers continue with current practices it will become increasingly difficult for them to compete in the national and international publishing environment. This study concludes that only by better training and knowledge exchange, in matters of rights exploitation and digital publishing, can Scottish publishers compete in the international arena and contribute to, and benefit financially from, the knowledge economy.     

知识记载和传递方式变革背景下的图书馆服务方式研究

图书馆是一个传承知识的社会机构,为读者提供知识阅读和向读者传递知识是图书馆必须承担的职责。随着数字技术和网络技术的发展,图书馆传统的阅览和外借两种服务方式受到冲击。开设立体阅读和文脉阅读是图书馆在数网时代提供知识阅读服务的选择;协助读者建立个性化数字图书馆并搭建其与图书馆之间的链路,是图书馆强化知识传递的出路。     

Part 10: Teacher Behaviors

Effective teachers place learners’ needs at the center of their efforts and find ways to bridge gaps between learning objectives and students’ prior knowledge and interests. Proven techniques to maximize student learning include encouraging questioning, provoking thought, connecting with students’ interests, expecting engagement, and communicating trust that students can succeed. Findings are presented from research on one-on-one instruction, making clear explanations, and giving effective feedback. The column concludes with guidelines for self-assessing librarians’ teaching effectiveness.     

From praxis to pragmatism: Junior scholars and policy impact

ABSTRACT

Drawing on Buckingham’s observation that academic research either has to become public knowledge or its originators must have a high visibility in the public realm before their research can find inclusion into policymaking processes, this article offers a variety of examples of how academics have managed to bridge the gap between media and communication policy scholarship and policymaking. Contrary to the long-standing belief that policy impact is extremely difficult and rare to achieve, we argue that junior scholars have many opportunities to have their work become part of the policymaking process through new forms of conversation, collaboration, coalition-building, changing perceptions of public knowledge, and a more conceptual understanding of impact.     

公共智慧服务、知识自由与转知成慧

知识自由是人类智慧生成的源泉与保障。图书馆实现知识自由的根本价值取向和终极目的是"转知成慧"。公共智慧服务是图书馆实现知识自由的根本选择和高级路径。图书馆作为用户知识需求的嵌入者、客观知识的关联者、用户知识过程的协同者和服务方式上的启发者这一核心定位决定了图书馆必须尽快实现从知识服务向智慧服务的转变,切实帮助用户搭建起求索知识并通往智慧的"天梯"。     

Challenge of rural people to reduce digital divide in the globalized world: Theory and practice

In the future, knowledge will manage the world since knowledge gives a power to people/states to direct governmental and non-governmental organisations. Therefore, as starting in the last quarter of 20th century, leaders, bureaucrats, policy makers, education experts, scientists, local managers and people who are in the conscious of this reality have tried to draw the vision of their countries and reduce digital divide. Design of web pages and Internet access can be a bridge between rural and urban people in terms of marketing of agricultural inputs and outputs, supplying extension services for farmers, development of human resources, advertisement of natural, historical and cultural values, etc.     

科技期刊编辑应善于发掘作者的潜力

从传递交流信息、选择挖掘作者、文稿选题、科研设计、文稿处理、发表后的后续工作等方面论述发掘作者潜力的方式、方法与途径.认为编辑可以而且应该去发掘作者的潜力,这对科技期刊本身、作者、社会都有益处.     

Knowledge and Attitude of Women to HIV/AIDS in a Farming Community in Southwestern Nigeria: Challenges for Public Libraries

The HIV/AIDS epidemic is one of the major setbacks to the achievement of the 2015 millennium development targets in Africa, generally, and Nigeria, in particular, where it is the leading cause of death. In terms of age and gender distribution, the most severely affected are sexually active females in their most economically reproductive years. A greater percentage of the Nigerian population lives in rural areas where there is low access to health information. This study assesses the knowledge level and attitudes of women in a farming community to HIV/AIDS, and suggests intervention strategies by the public libraries to bridge the knowledge gap on HIV/AIDS. This article suggests that public libraries as custodians of knowledge should play a significant role in transmitting information about how to prevent and control HIV/AIDS.     

mdKOFT：文献型异构信息源知识组织框架的构建技术

在对文献型异构数字信息群知识组织的需求分析基础上,研究其多种元数据环境下进行知识组织的理论体系,提出一种多文献数字信息知识组织框架的构建技术（mdKOFT）,该框架通过使用m-metadata元-元数据,在知识组织工具和数字信息源元数据之间搭建一个桥梁,以实现对数字信息群的知识组织,并从可扩展性、灵活性、分层结构和组件结构等方面对该框架进行探讨,从而为多领域多类型信息系统协同发展和文献信息知识集成提供重要基础。     

Digitizing IKS: Epistemic complexity,datadiversity & cognitive justice*

In contemporary African societies where multiple systems of knowledge coexist, and the use of informatics is becoming increasingly widespread, conventional perspectives drawn from cultural anthropology, environmentalism, development studies and intellectual property rights are insufficient guides to thinking about the digitization of indigenous knowledge. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, three moments in South African knowledge dynamics are used to probe some of the ontological, epistemological, and performative implications of science/IKS interaction in the design and construction of archives and databases of local plants. Twenty-first century databases of indigenous African medico-botanical knowledge need to assure that it is recontextualized historically and socially; that its multiplicity, visuality, and orality are retained; and that “articulation work” is done to make sure that design choices and use are cognitively just.     

Expert critics: operationalizing the judgement/decisionmaking literature as a theory of “bugs” and repair strategies

Humans are well-known for being adept at using their intuition and expertise in many situations. However, in some settings even human experts are susceptible to errors in judgement, and a failure to recognize the limits of knowledge. This happens often especially in semi-structured situtations, where multi-disciplinary expertise is required, or when uncertainty is a factor. At these times our natural ability to recognize and correct errors fails us, since we have faith in our reasoning. One way to deal with such problems is to have a computerized “critic” to assist in the process. This article introduces the concept of automated critics that collaborate with human experts to help improve their problem solving performance. A critic is a narrowly focused program that uses a knowledge base to help it recognize (1) what types of human error have occurred, and (2) what kinds of criticism strategies could help the user prevent or eliminate those errors. In discussing the “errors” half of this knowledge base, there is a difference between the expert's knowledge and his or her judgement. The focus in this article is more on judgement than on knowledge but both are addressed.To build automated critics it is important to understand the use and behavior of human critics. For this reason critic theory, principles and rules for design are described in this article. These are presented by showing various types of criticism encountered across a variety of generic tasks, such as medical diagnosis, coaching forecasting and authoring among many others. Thus a model of expert cognition and rules for identifying cognitive biases are presented. This rule base exploits four decades of literature on the psychology of judgement and decisionmaking as a generative theory of “bugs” in expert intuition and as a deep knowledge from which rules about buggy behavior are drawn. For the commonly recurring expert errors, specific preventive and corrective strategies are also reviewed and considerations for criticism presentation and deployment are explained. Particular attention is given to rules about when and how criticism should be offered. By consulting and attempting to operationalize the judgement and decisionmaking literature within the critiquing approach, this establishes criticism-based problem solving as a novel way to bridge the gap between the traditional domain knowledge-rich approaches of AI and the domain-independent, theory-rich approaches of decision analysis. Attention is also devoted to the obstacles to, and opportunities for, further bridging this gap.     

基于情境观点的情境知识运行机制探究

以情境知识为切入点,探索情境知识的性质以及显性知识与情境知识在本质上的差异,对情境知识不仅具有隐性知识的特质,而且还具有半衰期非常短的特质进行描述。提出情境起到隐性知识突现的催化剂从而使其达到知识转移目的的作用,同时对知识转移情境体系运行机制的框架设计进行探讨性研究,说明构建情境知识转移机制对知识转移具有指导意义。     

论知识链接的建立规则

把信息单元视为文献单元和知识元之间的桥梁和纽带,以文献单元间的参考文献链接和知识元名（或与知识元相关的文字）到知识元的知识元链接为研究对象,重点分析这两种链接的建立过程、建立规则以及技术难点。认为从理论上研究知识链接的建立规则对知识链接系统和知识服务系统的开发大有裨益。     

Digitizing IKS: Epistemic complexity, datadiversity & cognitive justice

In contemporary African societies where multiple systems of knowledge coexist, and the use of informatics is becoming increasingly widespread, conventional perspectives drawn from cultural anthropology, environmentalism, development studies and intellectual property rights are insufficient guides to thinking about the digitization of indigenous knowledge. Taking an interdisciplinary approach, three moments in South African knowledge dynamics are used to probe some of the ontological, epistemological, and performative implications of science/IKS interaction in the design and construction of archives and databases of local plants. Twenty-first century databases of indigenous African medico-botanical knowledge need to assure that it is recontextualized historically and socially; that its multiplicity, visuality, and orality are retained; and that “articulation work” is done to make sure that design choices and use are cognitively just.     

Future-proofing the public library

To help guide the public library into the future, architectural design stands as a linchpin that bridges between vast amounts of proliferating information, the librarians who make sense of that information, and the library goers who engage and activate with that information. Future-proofing the public library calls for its evolution, where library buildings grow into new roles that serve as sensorial “idea gardens,” where the presence of virtual and augmented mediums complement the physical book, instead of displacing or replacing its many benefits. To create this type of bridge, it is the architectural design of the public library that can lead the way.     

知识管理系统实施差距成因分析与应对策略研究

从管理视角构建ＫＭＳ实施差距的整体框架,阐述ＫＭＳ实施过程中存在的主要问题或障碍;在分析各种差距形成原因的基础上,探讨消除各种差距的有效措施,如知识标准化、建立知识测评体系等。总结出ＫＭＳ实施的总体策略,以为企业实践提供指导。