The Career Paths of Doctoral Graduates in Austria

Economists and policy makers often emphasise the importance of human capital as a key determinant in the pursuit of economic growth. The highest formal qualification in the educational system is the doctorate, which is attained after the first stage of tertiary education at ISCED 6 level. Doctorate holders play a central role in research and innovation in any industrialised economy, with highly specialised knowledge and research capabilities acquired during their studies. However, their employment depends on the availability of suitable positions on the labour market. Despite huge demand for relevant employment data for this particular group, the available data in most countries is scant. The data collection on Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH) initiated by EUROSTAT, the OECD and the UNESCO somewhat clarifies the professional situation of doctorate holders. This article presents some key findings of the Austrian CDH data collection carried out in 2006–07. The results are, amongst other things, that in Austria the general employment situation of doctorate holders is relatively good. However, they are faced with a shortage of adequate positions, especially in research. Often doctorate holders have to compromise between the intellectual challenge of working in research and the higher job security outside of research. The employment situation and the sectors of employment depend primarily on the field of science and technology of the doctoral degree.     

The rankings of research funding among universities in Taiwan

With the current trend that universities around the world have gradually stepped into higher education systems of popularization, there has been more diversity in universities; hence it has become necessary to increase the transparency of university governance. Since that university classification or university ranking is a powerful mechanism to demonstrate the diversity of an institute, the rankings of research funding have become desirable and also of great value. The main purpose of this study is to analyze the rankings of research funding among universities in Taiwan, and make relevant suggestions based on the findings. A secondary data analysis was conducted on the data obtained from the database of National Science Council, in order to develop the rankings of research funding among 164 universities in Taiwan. Based on the results, the conclusions are as follows： （1） The top three universities which won the funding of the National Science Council Research Project with the best overall strength were National Taiwan University, National Cheng Gung University, and National Chiao Tung University; （2） The top three universities which won the funding of the National Science Council Research Project with the best average faculty strength were National Tsing Hua University, National Chiao Tung University, and National Taiwan University. It is suggested that, when rating the strength of a university to win the research funding, both overall strength and average faculty strength should be considered to avoid the unfairness towards universities of smaller scale.     

The economic impact of university funding cuts

Although much has been written about the impact of funding cuts on UK universities, very little work has been carried out to estimate the effects of these cuts on the local economies in which the universities are located. This paper seeks to identify changes in the funding of three Scottish universities which can be traced directly to central government, and to quantify the wider economic effects of these changes. Significant effects are estimated, which form the unintended consequences of government policy on higher education.     

高校资助工作助后教育与管理初探

当前高校在实施资助工作的过程中普遍存在"重评定轻管理"、"重资助轻教育"的现象,导致助后教育与管理的缺失。本文分析了当前助后教育与管理存在的主要问题,并提出了提升助后教育与管理水平的具体对策。     

奥地利教师教育政策改革述评

近年来,奥地利的教师教育遇到了一些问题与挑战,主要表现在教师队伍的老龄化、教师的工作满意度低、教师的业绩评估没有得到充分的重视。为解决这些制约教师发展的问题,奥地利在教师教育政策方面进行了职前教师教育政策、教师就业市场政策、教师在职培训政策以及教师发展激励政策的改革。     

奥地利中小学校长选拔与培训

一、奥地利中小学校长选拔 选拔任用是校长角色建设的一个重要环节。它是指在管理活动中,对校长角色的了解、考察识别、发展、选择和提拔。 奥地利学校管理系统是由垂直和水平两个层面构成的联合体。前者包括学校权威部门,主要涉及学区教育董事会和地方教育委员会等;后者包括学区权威部门,主要涉及     

奥地利技术和职业教育与培训的发展概况

一、奥地利教育体制简介 奥地利实行九年制义务教育.完成4年制小学毕业后,约70%的学生进入普通中学学习4年,30%的学生进入文理中学初级阶段学习4年;完成8年教育后,约20%学生继续在文理中学完成高级阶段的4年学习,可以进入大学深造,或者走上社会就业,80%学生进入各种不同学制、不同类型技术和职业教育与培训学校学习,学完全部职业教育课程,考试合格后可以进入社会工作,其中5年制毕业生也可以直接进入大学或高等技术学院继续深造.     

The funding of universities in the Netherlands: Developments and trends

Recently, the Dutch Minister of Education, Culture and Science proposed that the funding system of Dutch universities be drastically altered by introducing a system of capacity funding. The intention is to abandon the current (direct) student dependence in funding and, instead, to offer a stable, long-term funds perspective. If this capacity funding is actually adopted, a trend break in the funding system of higher education and research in the Netherlands will occur.This article describes the developments in the funding of Dutch universities over the past decades and the (expected) developments for the future. With regard to the near future and in addition to the capacity funding intended the author will also discuss other developments anticipated by him.It will be shown that during the last forty years four generations of funding models have been used in the Netherlands. Soon the changeover to the fifth generation will possibly be made. A number of issues will be discussed, such as the introduction (and enlargement) of lump sum funding, elements of output funding (performance based funding) and competition on the basis of quality.First, some basic characteristics of funding systems in general will be presented. They will be used to analyse the relevant developments in the Dutch higher education allocation systems.     

The impact of funding cuts to further education colleges in Scotland

This article explores the impact of funding cuts to the Further Education colleges in Scotland. The reduction in the number of students in the colleges has been hugely politically controversial. The research utilised the Infact database on the Scottish Funding Council’s website and also a literature review. The research found there had been a significant reduction in the number of students aged under 16 and 25 and over. This is related to a decision to focus on full-time courses for school leavers and to stop funding courses which lead to no recognised qualifications or last less than ten hours. The implications of this are that an increased focus on employability and qualification attainment of school leavers is important to increase employability and reduce the likelihood of NEET and/or enter a long-term cycle of low skilled work and unemployment. However, the reduction of other courses may affect part-time and older students. Many people will be prevented from retraining or upskilling as they are only able to study part-time. This would likely hit those with disabilities and caring responsibilities proportionately harder. Furthermore, there is a concern over the loss of staff from the sector, particularly those with skills of assisting students with additional support needs. The focus on employability courses may well come at the expense of basic living skills courses, which some students may have to undertake before progressing to an employability course. The implications may be that these students simply do not attend college at all and there may be additional costs to support them elsewhere.     

The funding and future of Catholic education in the United States

The Catholic school system in the United States is undergoing significant changes in size, populations served and the funding models which have traditionally supported such schools. The closing of many schools in urban areas in the last 10 years in conjunction with the rising costs of schooling suggests that unless a new approach to funding schools is developed, the future of Catholic education in the United States is seriously threatened and with it the American Church. This article explores the link between traditional sources of funding Catholic schools and the increased role of federal and state funds. The rise of Charter Schools has added a significant model for Catholic schools to emulate in regarding future sources of funding. Three strategies for future funding are explored with an emphasis on the development of Faith-based Charter Schools and the development of ‘Catholic’ Charter Schools.     

The effect of technology funding on school-level student proficiency

This study presents new evidence on the effect of technology funding on school-level student proficiency. I exploit exogenous variation in school-level technology funding using the California Education Technology K-12 Voucher Program. The program provided eligible schools with technology vouchers to purchase qualifying hardware and software products and services. Using a regression discontinuity difference-in-difference design and data on voucher eligibility, voucher use, and school-level student proficiency, I find that voucher eligibility had no significant impact on school-level student proficiency, while voucher use had positive impacts on school-level student proficiency. The voucher use results are driven entirely by schools using the voucher funds for technology resources, but reallocating dollars initially earmarked for technology to other school inputs.     

奥地利工程类职业技术教育的特色

经济发达的小国奥地利,职业技术教育以其灵活多样、多层次、多学制的特点,以"为未来造就人才,为生活创造机会"为发展导向,非常适宜于当今技术经济的发展,尤其是工程类职业技术教育更具有较强的职业适应能力和创造能力.     

Predictors of funding in academic fields

This study assesses the relative salience of various predictors of funding in different academic fields. Predictors of funding include the various dimensions of past research performance: articles, articles in leading journals and books. Articles predict quite accurately funding decisions in chemistry (r=0.58; p<.001). Books, on the other hand, are not the dominant predictor of funding in either the social or physical sciences. The implications of these findings for higher education are discussed and elaborated.     

中国现行高校学生资助制度的选择与评价

经过较长历史时期的嬗变，中国高校现行的“奖、贷、补、助、减”五位一体学生混合资助制度得以形成，这一制度的确立是和国家财政体制改革及教育公平等理念密不可分的，在发挥重要功能的同时，也存在许多的问题与不足。     

The relationship between university autonomy and funding in England and Taiwan

This paper aims to re-examine the effects offunding on university autonomy since therelationship between university autonomy andfunding is likely to be interpreted as a lineareffect; namely, the more funding the greaterautonomy. Such a simplistic vision is less than complete since it ignores the complicated nature of university autonomy. The nature of the latter should be defined contextually and politically. Itsinterpretation should also be placed in thechanging government-university relationships.This paper argues that the effect of funding on university autonomy is conditioned by the nature of university autonomy in a given country. While universityautonomy involves more than a financial tie,greater efforts on the part of universities todiversify their funding bases may well notenhance, at least directly, their autonomy.Through an extensive literature review, andempirical studies conducted in England and Taiwan, the argument of this paper is supported.     

基于新资助政策的高职院校资助育人工作的探索研究

加强和改进高职院校学生思想政治教育,要把解决思想问题和解决实际问题相结合,要结合新资助政策体系,针对资助家庭经济困难学生工作中存在的问题,更新资助观念,充分发挥资助工作的育人功能,帮助学生健康成长、立志成才,通过有效途径实现资助育人,培养身心和谐、全面发展的高素质人才。