Special education and the law in the United States: Implications for Australian educators

Recent legislation in the United States aims to revolutionize educational services for handicapped pupils. The principles of this Act, Public Law 94‐142, are examined and possible implications are discussed. The point is made that legal solutions to educational problems can pose many additional problems. However the implementation of this Law warrants the close attention of Australian educators.     

欧美国家教师教育者研究剖析

教师教育者是影响教师教育乃至中小学教育质量的核心要素,通过对以荷兰与美国为代表的欧美国家教师教育者研究的分析,深化对教师教育者专业标准的认识,探究专业团体的专业影响力,对教师教育者专业发展各个阶段做出现实思考。     

德美两国研究生教育发展道路比较研究

本文比较了德美两国研究生教育的发展道路,揭示出两者共同的基本特征:发展方式上规模扩张与内涵增长并举;发展的基本动因是"需要";发展趋势是由单一走向多样,由封闭走向开放;两类模式互相靠近,不断融合与创新.最后提出了我国研究生教育要为实现我国现代化服务,多样化与规范化相结合,走国际化道路等几点启示.     

A comparative analysis of education costs and outcomes: The United States vs. other OECD countries

In this paper we confirm the universality of steadily rising education expenditures among OECD nations, as predicted by “Baumol and Bowen's cost disease”, and show that this trajectory of costs can be expected to continue for the foreseeable future. However, we find that while the level of education costs in America is significantly higher than that of all other OECD countries, education spending per student in the United States is increasing about as quickly as it is in many other countries—perhaps even less quickly. Although these cost increases undoubtedly will contribute to each nation's fiscal problems, we conclude that effective education contributes to improvement of the economic performance of each country and can mitigate resulting financial pressures by spurring growth in overall purchasing power.     

血缘文化情结：二战时期英美“特殊关系”的助搏器

英美"特殊关系"强调英美关系的特殊性,强调两国间的关系有别于与第三国的关系.促成二战时英美"特殊关系"形成的因素,除了历史大背景、国家利益之外,两国在种族血缘文化方面的共相是不可忽视的另一深层次因素.这一因素深深地影响了两国领导人及其各自智囊决策层,影响了美国民众的援英舆论倾向,在英美"特殊关系"的形成中起了推波助澜的作用.     

Evaluation of adult literacy education in the United States: A review of methodological issues

This is a critical review of methodological issues in the evaluation of adult literacy education programs in the United States. It addresses the key research questions: What are the appropriate methods for evaluating these programs under given circumstances. It identifies 15 evaluation studies that are representative of a range of adult literacy contexts at various evaluation levels; and reviews each study regarding evaluation designs, data sources, learner assessment tools, and indicators of program effectiveness. It summarizes methodological lessons learned regarding the evaluation of adult literacy education and identifies areas for further research.     

Nordic-Baltic cooperation in adult education: A collective story of Estonian adult educators

Adult Education has many values, including experiences and co-operation among people, and the fact that adult education is full of stories from adult educators, which can help to understand trends in the past and developments in the present. Established in 1991 as part of a more general regional cooperation among five Nordic and three Baltic countries (NB8), Nordic-Baltic cooperation in adult education has been mutually enriching and has resulted in the growth of a professional network. The cooperation has led participants through a time of new sources of values, knowledge and contacts, socialisation and transformation, inspiration and challenges, which has influenced their experiences and professional identities. This paper is based on the results of a study entitled “Nordic-Baltic cooperation in adult education: Experience and stories” and focuses on the experiences and professional identities of two generations of Estonian adult educators. The empirical data for the study were collected using narrative-biographical interviews. The paper discusses two research questions: (1) What is the perception and influence of experiences for adult educators? and (2) How have their experiences influenced the professional identity of adult educators?     

Stress among accounting educators in the United States

This research investigates stress among accounting educators and examines relationships between stress levels and work satisfaction levels, personality traits, and stress-coping techniques. Self-administered questionnaires were used, and 164 accounting faculty members from 41 states responded. Results of regression analyses indicated that higher stress levels can be predicted, with a relatively strong multipleR value, by a combination of variables. Of the variables investigated, overall work satisfaction was the variable most closely related to higher stress levels. The most important personality characteristics of higher stress individuals were impatience, assertiveness, workaholism, and idealism. Stress-coping techniques associated with higher stress levels were recreational time off, cultivation and maintenance of friendships among colleagues, and physical exercise. These same independent variables had minimal predictive ability for the stress level of the lower stress group of faculty.     

英美行政改革的比较及启示

英美是最先在全球掀起声势浩大的行政改革运动的。将英美行政改革作为一个整体研究,比较二者则不难发现在改革背景、改革特征、改革内容、改革过程、改革成效等方面具有许多相似之处,但也有着不同之处。     

英国现代研究生教育的发展及特点

英国现代研究生教育是在德国大学的影响下发展起来的.在长达一个世纪的发展过程中,英国研究生教育形成了自己的特点,如建立严格的研究生导师制度,注重研究生科研能力的培养,重视高校与企业联合培养研究生等,这些基本经验对于我国当前研究生教育的发展无疑具有借鉴意义.     

英美日三国与国民政府的币制改革

南京国民政府1935年的币制改革虽说是中国财政金融领域的一次变革，但它却引起国际上的极大关注，特别是在华利益较大的英、美、日三国，围绕中国货币的支配权问题展开了激烈的争夺和斗争。     

英美日三国与国民政府的币制改革

南京国民政府1935年的币制改革虽说是中国财政金融领域的一次变革,但它却引起国际上的极大关注,特别是在华利益较大的英、美、日三国,围绕中国货币的支配权问题展开了激烈的争夺和斗争.     

美、英、日幼儿教师在职培训的比较及启示

美、英、日等发达国家十分重视幼儿教师在职培训,在幼儿教师在职培训中如何提高幼儿教师的内在学习动机、如何营造幼儿教师专业发展共同体、如何提升幼儿教师在职培训的实效性等方面积累了很多优秀的经验。他们根据培训目标、培训内容、培训对象的不同采取多层次、多元化有针对性的在职培训形式。通过不断完善法律法规来规范幼儿教师培训行为,颁布一系列激励机制激发幼儿教师专业学习的内在动力,提高幼儿教师专业水平,从而促进幼儿教师的专业发展。我国要积极借鉴美、英、日等发达国家幼儿教师在职培训的经验,制定完善相关法律法规,建立和健全幼儿教师在职培训激励机制,实施多层次和多元化培训形式。     

Policy issues in the economics of higher education and related research opportunities in Britain and the United States

This paper considers several opportunities for research on the means of relating investment in higher education more closely to widely expressed desires for faster economic growth and for greater equity in educational opportunity. It does this against a background of policy issues related to growth and equity among income groups common to the current debates in the United States and Britain.Major basic policy trends in the U.S. are reviewed briefly first, with comparisons to some similar developments in Britain. These are then related to an underlying need for research to broaden the concept of human educational capital as a means of bringing findings closer to the needs of legislators' constituents and educational planners in democratic nations. Some preliminary evidence is included that suggests, for example, that not only expected monetary returns, but also expected nonmonetary returns reflecting the increasing value of time are important to students and their families as they decide to invest.The possibilities for research on means of aiding growth then are considered. They focus primarily on the opportunities inherent in early findings on relative rates of return to two year (e.g. Higher National Certificate, or junior college) programs, and the potential through adaptations in postsecondary education for speeding up application of basic science and new technology to production.Finally, research and preliminary findings on the regressive incidence of the net benefits of higher education among income groups is considered. It is suggested that there are some ways that higher education can contribute to faster economic growth while simultaneously contributing to equity.This paper was prepared while the author was Academic Visitor at the London School of Economics Higher Education Research Unit immediately following a semester spent as Guest Scholar at the Brookings Institution in Washington, D.C.     

英美不同霸权体系下的债权国地位

债权和债务关系是国家博弈和互动的工具和筹码,在英国霸权体系和美国霸权体系中发挥不同的作用.债权是维持英国霸权体系的工具,同时也是发生霸权更迭时的重要筹码,债权国是英国霸权体系的挑战者.而债权却不是美国霸权的体现,债务才是美国维持霸权的工具,美国体系中的债权国会被迫帮助美国维持霸权.一个国家是债权国还是债务国并不是判定这个国家在国际体系中地位的标准,不能够由美国在英国霸权体系下成功称霸的历史来预测和暗示当今美国霸权体系下债权国的未来和霸权更迭模式.     

Population education in the United States

The most significant expansion of population education in the U.S. has occurred over the past 5-year period. The environmental movement of the 1960 decade established a foundation on which population education quickly developed in the 1970 decade and gained acceptance in the population establishment and among funding agencies. During the years 1970-1976, several private organizations became actively involved in the population education field. Several viewpoints and population education approaches are now evident in the U.S. These approaches stress different aspects of the issue: extension of family planning, individual and social awareness, demography, behavioral objectives, value analysis, environmental strategy, and inquiry. Although these approaches are diverse, the U.S. has provided a basic framework for population education. Research in population education has consisted of little more than review studies, knowledge and attitude surveys, and several studies on the appropriateness of population education in the formal college school setting. Further research is needed to identify the goals, objectives, and strategy of population education, and these studies would have to be linked to the cognitive and moral development of the student.