小世界网络条件下合作演化的特性研究

构建一个小世界网络下囚徒困境博弈的演化模型,用Multi-Agent的建模与仿真研究方法,研究网络簇系数、重复博弈轮数及间接信息获取对合作演化动态的影响。结果表明:簇系数、重复博弈轮数对合作演化动态有显著影响,间接信息的获取也明显影响着合作效率。     

纳什平衡的计算问题

本文介绍了博弈的形式描述系统,混合博弈实质上是基于纯博弈系统框架下在策略集上引入概率分布。局中人之间的不合作性表现分布之间的独立性。给出了囚犯二难概型博弈系统与其纯博弈系统纳什平衡之间的联系,并对概率纳什平衡的计算进行了讨论。     

历史之矢的博弈论分析

本文利用博弈论囚徒困境分析法指出人类社会如同囚徒困境 ,面临着许多的难题与抉择。人们之间因为不同利益而冲突 ,也因共同利益而牵手 ,随着人类自觉意识的发展与完善 ,人际间的合作之道更富理性 ,更有成效性。着眼于未来 ,人类应携起手来 ,以合作的姿态解决我们面临的各种困境 ,这是人类可持续发展之道 ,是历史进步之道 ,由此而对“历史最终的结果是从许多单个的意志的相互冲突中产生出来的”这一论断作了独特的诠释     

Strategic games on a hierarchical network model

Among complex network models, the hierarchical network model is the one most close to such real networks as world trade web, metabolic network, WWW, actor network, and so on. It has not only the property of power-law degree distribution, but also the scaling clustering coefficient property which Barabási-Albert （BA） model does not have. BA model is a model of network growth based on growth and preferential attachment, showing the scale-free degree distribution property. In this paper, we study the evolution of cooperation on a hierarchical network model, adopting the prisoner＇s dilemma （PD） game and snowdrift game （SG） as metaphors of the interplay between connected nodes. BA model provides a unifying framework for the emergence of cooperation. But interestingly, we found that on hierarchical model, there is no sign of cooperation for PD game, while the frequency of cooperation decreases as the common benefit decreases for SG. By comparing the scaling clustering coefficient properties of the hierarchical network model with that of BA model, we found that the former amplifies the effect of hubs. Considering different performances of PD game and SG on complex network, we also found that common benefit leads to cooperation in the evolution. Thus our study may shed light on the emergence of cooperation in both natural and social environments.     

亲缘选择下网络互惠和直接互惠对合作进化的作用

合作的进化源于多种机制,主要包括亲缘选择、互惠利他和组选择.本文在亲缘选择下,基于囚徒困境和雪堆博弈的收益矩阵建立相应模型,讨论直接互惠和网络互惠对合作进化的作用.并对不同类型的博弈促进合作进化的条件进行分析.文中采用了"生灭"、"灭生"及"模仿"三种不同的更新机制.分析结果表明,在亲缘选择下,基于囚徒困境和雪堆博弈的直接互惠和网络互惠在不同的条件下可以促进合作的进化.     

旅游地形象联合促销行为的博弈分析

旅游目的地形象联合促销多出现在旅游业发展比较成熟的阶段,本文运用博弈论知识,通过对旅游地形象联合促销的不同主体的行为进行分析,得出跨区域联合促销属于非零和合作博弈,同一区域内旅游行业大企业和小企业之间存在智猪博弈,政府既不能完全脱离也不能完全包办旅游地形象促销。     

行业协会在反倾销应诉中组织作用的博弈分析

当前由于我国出口企业应对外国反倾销诉讼时采取消极回避的态度,使我国成为世界上最大的反倾销受害国。究其原因是,出口企业之间在反倾销问题上无法单独逾越＂囚徒困境＂、＂公共物品＂等非合作博弈和＂市场失灵＂。在市场经济条件下,要破解＂囚徒困境＂,纠正＂市场失灵＂,使出口企业做出理性的行为决策,必须依托行业协会。     

超越均势:软实力与东北亚安全困境

冷战结束后,东北亚地区日益呈现出一超三强的地缘政治格局。在复杂的政治、安全结构制约下,美、日、中、俄以地缘政治为视角,纷纷采取均势战略,以寻求在东北亚地区的权力优势。它们的均势战略博弈导致了东北亚地区安全困境的产生,也影响了安全困境的解决。但软实力理论的出现和发展,使国际关系理论研究拓展到一个新的领域,成为理解国际关系变化和外交政策的一个新的理论视角。如果区域内各个国家都能重视软实力战略,那么各国就能逐渐由"零和博弈"向"竞和博弈"转变。因此,软实力理论成为了缓解甚至化解东北亚安全困境的新思路。     

Reward contrast in delay and probability discounting

In this study, we examined whether reward contrast influences choice between delayed and probabilistic outcomes. Specifically, we predicted that the subjective value of an intermediate reward would seem relatively larger or smaller, respectively, if it followed choices involving a smaller or larger reward and would produce corresponding changes in rates of delay and probability discounting. In Experiment 1, subjects made choices about hypothetical 5,000 or5,000 or 50 outcomes and then made choices about 500 outcomes. Delay-discounting rates for the500 outcomes. Delay-discounting rates for the 500 outcome were larger for Group 5,000 than for Group5,000 than for Group 50, whereas the opposite result was obtained for probability-discounting rates. In Experiment 2, we used a design that allowed for contrast effects to be assessed within subjects. Two groups made choices about delayed or probabilistic rewards. After completing question blocks in which the amount was 5,000 or5,000 or 50, subjects responded to questions with an intermediate amount (475/475/525). For Group Delay, the present value of the intermediate reward was greater after the 50 block than after the50 block than after the 5,000 block, whereas the opposite was obtained for Group Probability. The results from both experiments confirmed the predictions of reward contrast and suggested that the subjective value of a monetary reward varies inversely with the prior reward amount.     

Analyzing claims by game theory and claim cost

1 Introduction a Claims are very important in international project management. Because of the complexity and intensive political involvement usually carried in an interna-tional project, it is not so easy to control the advance of the project on schedule…     

职业教育混合所有制办学中的利益相关者博弈

混合所有制办学实质上是利益相关者的合作,但合作并不一定总朝着集体理性去,不同的利益相关者往往会基于个体理性做出选择,从而形成合作困境。随着混合所有制办学实践的深入,一些新问题开始出现,表现为持续性办学投入如何实现、办学结余怎么处理、校企协同育人怎样推进等。阐释在一个实践案例中,作为利益相关者的政府、企业、学校以及相关个体在面对这些问题时做出了怎样的博弈策略选择。探讨这些问题将有助于探视不同所有制资本和职业教育参与人的行为动机与表现,可为调整和改进混合所有制办学提供更多的参考借鉴。     

对中日关系的博弈论分析

本文从博弈论的角度分析了中日关系，认为由于中日关系是一种非合作博弈，在日本处于先占优势的情况下，中国只有采取针锋相对的战略，才能确保自己的利益不至受到更大损害。对于中日关系，只有在斗争中求合作，则合作存；在妥协中求合作，则合作必亡。     

冲动性的维度：基于人格和行为的测量

研究采用感觉寻求量表及艾森克人格冲动性分量表和行为抑制任务、延迟折扣任务、爱荷华赌牌任务、仿真气球冒险任务等四种行为任务探究冲动性的维度。结果发现,感觉寻求量表和艾森克人格冲动性分量表有显著相关（r=0.69,p〈0.01）,量表和各种行为分数之间的相关不显著;四种行为任务分别测量了冲动性的行为抑制、延迟折扣和冒险决策三个不同维度。     

教育技术专业实习的困境与突破——基于利益相关者理论的分析

教育技术的专业实习面临着实习基地建设困难、实习效果不佳的问题,传统的方法很难解决该问题.利益相关者理论是分析、解决这些问题的一个理论框架.专业实习的实践是一个各利益相关者相互博弈、合作的过程,实践中应正视各利益相关者的存在,确立基于利益相关者的多元的实习目标,探索更丰富的实习内容和更有效的实习管理策略,完善专业实习的评价体系,关注实习中各利益相关者的声音.     

More Later: Delay of Gratification and Thought About the Future in Children

We investigated whether individual differences in future time perception and the detail with which future events are imagined are related to children’s delay of gratification. We administered a delay choice task (real rewards), a delay discounting task (hypothetical rewards), a novel future time perception measure, an episodic future thinking (EFT) interview and IQ measures to a sample of 7- to 11-year-olds (N = 132) drawn from a urban predominately white population in N. Ireland. We found a strong correlation between delay choice and delay discounting. Future time perception and EFT were related to delay discounting, however only the relation with future time perception survived controlling for age and IQ. Children who showed greater compression of future time periods were the steepest discounters.     

不确定需求下企业资本结构的选择

企业的融资决策与其在产品市场上的经营决策是密切相关的,企业提高债务能够使其在产品市场竞争中拥有策略优势。但在不确定性需求下,需求的波动将会使企业都选择高负债的资本结构,企业陷入了提高负债的“囚徒困境”,从而使得企业破产风险增大。     

An Empirical Analysis of Children's Thinking and Learning in a Computer Game Context

This study explored ways to analyse gains in children's cognitive skills through playing computer games. Eighty-seven children aged from 7 to 10 years participated in a computer game called 'Find the Flamingo', one of Safari Search series (O'Brien, 1985). The game consisted of a set of rules, given with affirmative and negative if-then statements. Development, individual differences and learning were found in children's inferential game play. It was also found that there were already different play patterns from the beginning of the games between the good problem solvers and the random guessers. Discussions were made on the methods for analysis of computer game activity.     

Caregivers' Interactions With Nonhandicapped and Mainstreamed Handicapped Children in Caregiving and Instructional Activities

Head Start caregivers' positive-neutral and negative interactions with nonhandicapped and mainstreamed handicapped children were observed while they were engaged in activities categorized as caregiving and instructional. ANOVAS with repeated measures indicated that caregivers had higher interaction rates, both positive-neutral and negative, with handicapped than with nonhandicapped children. The higher positive-neutral interaction rate occurred in both instructional and caregiving situations. The higher negative interaction rate occurred only in caregiving situations. Correlations indicated that caregivers' patterns of interaction were different with the handicapped and the nonhandicapped children and that the type of activity influenced the pattern of interactions. Significant correlations between negative interaction rates with handicapped and nonhandicapped children and between negative interaction rates with all children in instructional and caregiving situations suggested that negative interaction generalizes across activities and types of children.     

Caregivers' Interactions With Nonhandicapped and Mainstreamed Handicapped Children in Caregiving and Instructional Activities

Head Start caregivers' positive-neutral and negative interactions with nonhandicapped and mainstreamed handicapped children were observed while they were engaged in activities categorized as caregiving and instructional. ANOVAS with repeated measures indicated that caregivers had higher interaction rates, both positive-neutral and negative, with handicapped than with nonhandicapped children. The higher positive-neutral interaction rate occurred in both instructional and caregiving situations. The higher negative interaction rate occurred only in caregiving situations. Correlations indicated that caregivers' patterns of interaction were different with the handicapped and the nonhandicapped children and that the type of activity influenced the pattern of interactions. Significant correlations between negative interaction rates with handicapped and nonhandicapped children and between negative interaction rates with all children in instructional and caregiving situations suggested that negative interaction generalizes across activities and types of children.     

Concurrent Validity of the standard progressive matrices for Hispanic and nonHispanic and seventh-grade students

Correlations between the Standard Progressive Matrices test (SPM) and the California Achievement Test, Reading, Language, and Mathematics Tests were examined for 99 Hispanic and 93 nonHispanic Caucasian seventh-grade students in the Southwest. All correlations were highly significant, indicating concurrent validity of the SPM. Correlations computed separately for Hispanic and nonHispanic students also were compared; those differences were not significant. This evidence supports the continued use of the SPM as a measure of nonverbal intellectual ability for Hispanic and nonHispanic students.