茶废料中茶单宁提取工艺对比研究

以丙酮浓度、料液比、提取时间和提取温度为考察因素,分别采用微波法和超声波法进行正交试验,探讨了茶叶废料中提取茶单宁的最佳工艺参数.结果表明,采用微波提取法效果较好,其最佳提取工艺为：料液比为1∶60（g/g）,提取温度为40℃,提取时间为5 min,丙酮浓度为70%,茶单宁的提取量达215.04 mg/g.     

亚临界水萃取元宝枫种壳中单宁工艺条件优化初探

以元宝枫种壳为原料,采用亚临界水萃取技术探索单宁提取的最佳工艺条件。以单因素实验为基础,通过正交实验确定了元宝枫种壳中单宁提取的最佳工艺条件为：粉碎粒度为40-60日,萃取时间为60min．去离子水用量为18mL／g,萃取温度为106％。在此工艺条件下单宁的提取率为94．65％。经正交实验方差分析,粉碎粒度和萃取温度是影响单宁提取的关键因素。     

环己酮制备实验的微型化论析

文章介绍了制备环己酮的微型实验,对比了常量实验及微型实验的制备方法,探讨了重铬酸钾的用量、反应时间、反应温度对实验结果的影响。结果显示,制备环己酮微型实验的最佳条件是：投料比n（环己醇）：n（重铬酸钾）=1∶1.8,反应时间30min,反应温度50℃,产率达52.8%。在此条件下制备环己酮,具有实验效果好,污染小的特点。     

杂多酸合成维生素E乙酸酯与光谱表征

利用新型催化剂杂多酸H3PMo12O40合成了维生素E乙酸酯,研究了催化剂用量、反应物配比、反应时间、反应温度等因素对合成的影响,通过模糊数学模型确定了最佳合成条件,最优合成工艺：温度40℃,时间3 h,乙酸酐与维生素E摩尔比1.0,杂多酸H3PMo12O40催化剂用量1.2 g,反应酯化率为97.6%.利用IR、元素分析和1HNMR对产物结构进行了表征,证明了得到的产物为维生素E乙酸酯.     

对乙基苯甲酸制备的新方法

以乙酸酐、乙基苯和无水三氯化铝为原料合成对乙基苯乙酮,并利用碘仿反应氧化对乙基苯乙酮制备对乙基苯甲酸．考察了制备对乙基苯乙酮时催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间对对乙基苯乙酮收率的影响和碘仿反应的反应温度、反应时间对产物对乙基苯甲酸的收率的影响．结果表明：制备对乙基苯乙酮的过程中,催化剂用量2．0：1．0,反应温度70℃,反应时间5h,为最为合适的反应条件;制备对乙基苯甲酸的过程中,反应温度70℃,反应时间4h,为最为合适的反应条件．     

Study on the comprehensive combustion kinetics of MSW

The combustion behavior of typical components of MSW was examined with a thermal gravimetric analyzer (TGA). The experiments were done over the temperature range of room temperature to 1000℃ at a heating rate of 10 oC/min and in an oxidizing atmosphere. The results indicated that the entire weight loss process of each typical component of MSW consists of one to three distinct combustion stages. The combustion of typical components of MSW could be modeled by one to three independent reactions. The corresponding parameters of typical components of MSW such as activation energy, pre-exponential factor, and reaction order were determined. The calculated results using the comprehensive kinetic model composed of one to three independent and consecutive reactions, agreed well with experimental results.     

银叶树果壳中单宁提取工艺优化研究

以银叶树果实外壳为原料,采用热水浸提法提取单宁,考查了溶剂浓度、提取时间、提取温度、料液比对单宁提取率的影响.在单因素的基础上,采用L9（3^4）的正交试验设计,结果得到提取银叶树果壳单宁的最优工艺条件.实验结果表明：在提取时间为90min、温度为50℃、提取溶剂为70％丙酮、料液比为1∶60（g∶mL）条件下,单宁提取率达6.78％.     

In-situ characterization of gas-liquid precipitation reaction in a spray using rainbow refractometry

Gas-liquid precipitation reactions in terms of a spray exist widely in energy, chemical, and environmental engineering. In this paper, a rainbow refractometry-based method is used to measure the reaction process of these spray-based gas-liquid precipitation reactions in a non-intrusive way. Rainbow refractometry can simultaneously provide information on thermochemical and physical properties of droplets. A global rainbow measurement system was built to characterize a CO₂ absorption reaction. Rainbow signals of spray droplets of Ca(OH)₂ solutions before and after CO₂ absorption were recorded and processed. Results indicated that the average refractive index of saturated H₂O-Ca(OH)₂ solution was 1.335 69, which accorded with the Abbe measurement. After the absorption reaction, the refractive index of droplets decreased to 1.335 17 which is close to that of water. The reaction extent was therefore reflected in the change of the refractive index of droplets. An extra experiment of CO₂ absorbed by Ba(OH)₂ solutions was conducted. The refractive index of droplets decreased with the reaction process, which acted well as an evolution indicator of the reaction. A heat transfer analysis of the reaction was also carried out. Due to the high heat dissipation performance of fine droplets, the temperature increase in the measurement volume was estimated to be less than 0.61 K, which has almost no effect on the measured results. The rainbow refractometry-based method shows good potential for in-situ characterization of a gas-liquid precipitation reaction.     

乙醇直接电解氧化合成已酸已酯的研究

本文报道了在酯化催化剂(H2SO4)作用下乙醇直接电解氧化合成己酸己酯。研究了通电量和温度对产率的影响。初步探讨了反应机理。     

针禾属植物羽毛针禾基因组DNA提取方法的研究

传统的CTAB DNA提取法步骤多.较烦琐,DNA产率低,而且由于酚、单宁、色素、多糖很难完全去除,容易影响随机扩增多态、微卫星等标记工作的效率.采用SDS裂解法提取了针禾属植物幼嫩叶片的基因组DNA,所获得的DNA可用于PCR反应.并且在针禾属植物的研究中得到了较好的结果.     

对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的合成

研究了以对羟基苯甲酸、乙醇为原科,氨基磺酸为催化剂,合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯,并讨论了催化酯化的影响因素.实验结果表明,磺酸是合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的良好催化剂,易回收,可重复使用.最佳工艺条件为:酸醇物质的量比为1∶4,催化剂用量为反应物料总质量的10.3%,反应时间为3h,回流温度,此条件下,产品收率达90.38%.     

Occurrence of the Bunsen side reaction in the sulfur-iodine thermochemical cycle for hydrogen production

This study aimed to establish a closed-cycle operation technology with high thermal efficiency in the thermochemical sulfur-iodine cycle for large-scale hydrogen production. A series of experimental studies were performed to investigate the occurrence of side reactions in both the H₂SO₄ and HI _x phases from the H₂SO₄/HI/I₂/H₂O quaternary system within a constant temperature range of 323–363 K. The effects of iodine content, water content and reaction temperature on the side reactions were evaluated. The results showed that an increase in the reaction temperature promoted the side reactions. However, they were prevented as the iodine or water content increased. The occurrence of side reactions was faster in kinetics and more intense in the H₂SO₄ phase than in the HI _x phase. The sulfur or hydrogen sulfide formation reaction or the reverse Bunsen reaction was validated under certain conditions.     

微波法合成淀粉丙烯酸高吸水性树脂的研究

以N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺为交联剂、过硫酸铵为引发剂微波合成了高吸水性树脂．讨论了微波功率、聚合温度和聚合时间对吸水性能的影响．并采用红外光谱、扫描电镜等手段对传统条件下和微波条件下合成的高吸水树脂进行了结构袁征的分析．研究发现微波条件下明显耗能降低,反应时间缩短,合成工艺装置简化,且产物吸水性能普遍略高于传统制备工艺,具有良好的科研价值和应用潜力．     

微波加热在有机反应中的应用

在化学反应中,大多数反应都必须在一定的温度和一定的时间范围内才能完成,特别是一些有机化合物的合成反应,如反应温度、时间掌握不当,则副反应产物将占的比例较大,从而使产品产率降低.为此作者利用微波加热的方法来提高产率,并且与常规加热方法进行对比实验,微波加热有节省时间、节省能源、提取效率高、安全的优点等.     

Phenol Tert-Butylation Catalyzed by Zeolite H-Mordenite

Para-tert-butyl phenol (p-TBP) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl phenol ( 2,4-DTBP) are wi.dely used for the preparation of antioxidants. Zeolite catalysts showed good performance for the synthesis of p-TBP and 2,4-DTBP. In this work, zeolite H-mordenite (HM) catalyst was prepared and the alkylation of phenol with tert-butyl alcohol over zeolite HM catalyst was investigated at different reaction conditions. It is found that increasing temperature enhances the selectivity to p-TBP and the optimum reaction temperature for phenol conversion is 438 K. Increasing flow rate decreases phenol conversion apparently while the selectivity to p-TBP has a little increase. The suitable tert-butyl alcohol/phenol molar ratio is 2. Lower alcohol/phenol molar ratios are beneficial to p-TBP while higher ones are helpful for producing 2,4-DTBP.     

干法制备壳聚糖工艺的研究

采用干法(浸渍法)制备了壳聚糖,并对反应条件(反应时间、碱浓度、料比、反应温度)对脱乙酰度及产品粘度的影响进行了研究.采用二次干法处理工艺,获得了脱乙酰度大于75%的壳聚糖,还对所得产品的某些性能进行了测定.     

Photochemical reactions of poly（3-butoxythiophene-2,5-diyl） with chloroform

INTRODUCTION π-conjugated polymers have received a great deal of attention because of their unique chemical and physical properties, including electrochromism, electrically conducting properties, chemical sensing ability, and electroluminescent properties. Their structures, synthetic methodologies, and physical and chemical properties were intensely studied in the past two decades (Friend et al., 1999; Heeger, 2001; Ya-mamoto, 2002). Especially, processable derivatives of polythiophene …     

实验室制备有机玻璃的影响因素研究

以过氧化苯甲酰（BPO）为引发剂,甲基丙烯酸甲酯（MMA）为单体进行本体聚合制备有机玻璃。探讨了引发剂的用量、不同阶段的反应温度等因素对反应的影响。得出最佳实验条件为：m（BPO）／m（MMA）为0．3％;-N聚水浴温度为90℃,预聚时间为1．5h;烘箱中聚合前期温度为45％,24h后升温至90℃再聚合2h。     

Parameter estimation of cutting tool temperature nonlinear model using PSO algorithm

INTRODUCTION In modern metal cutting theory,research on cutting tool is one of the major concerns.To under-stand the characteristics of a new cutting tool,many experiments(such as cutting force experiment,cut-ting temperature experiment,anti-striking experiment,etc.)should be conducted to obtain an enormous amount of experiment data.The development of a proper cutting tool temperature model is a very dif-ficult task due to the large number of interrelated parameters(cutting speed,feed,dept…     

Quantum chemical study on the catalytic mechanism of Na/K on NO-char heterogeneous reactions during the coal reburning process

Quantum chemical simulation was used to investigate the catalytic mechanism of Na/K on NO-char heterogeneous reactions during the coal reburning process. Both NO-char and NO-Na/K reactions were considered as three-step processes in this calculation. Based on geometry optimizations made using the UB3LYP/6-31G（d） method, the activation energies of NO-char and NO-Na/K reactions were calculated using the QCISD（T）/6-311G（d, p） method; Results showed that the activation energy of the NO-Na/K reaction （107.9/82.0 kJ/mol） was much lower than that of the NO-char reaction （245.1 kJ/mol）. The reactions of NaO/KO and Na2O/K2O reduced by char were also studied, and their thermodynamics were calculated using the UB3LYP/6-31G（d） method; Results showed that both Na and K can be refreshed easily and rapidly by char at high temperature during the coal reburning process. Based on the calculations and analyses, the catalytic mechanism of Na/K on NO-char heterogeneous reactions during the coal reburning process was clarified.