第二语言的语义通达机制的实验研究

采用典型启动效应的实验范式，语义和语音两种不同加工水平的试验任务，通过3个实验探讨了中英双语第二语言的语义通达机制。被试为第二军医大学的学生38名。结果发现：在基于语义的范畴判断任务中，当启动刺激（英）和目标刺激（英）之间存在语义联想关系，得到了显著的启动效应（实验一）；当启动刺激（中）和目标刺激（英）之间存在语义联想关系，即与实验一对等的跨语言语义启动试验，也得到了显著的跨语言启动效应，而且实验一和实验二的启动值之间没有显著的差异（实验二）；当启动刺激（中）的翻译对等词和目标刺激（英）之间存在语音相同或相近关系时，采用基于语音的词汇判断任务，也得到了显著的跨语言启动效应。这一结果表明，对于中国大学生程度的中英双语者来说，他们第二语言的词汇表征既直接通达语义概念表征，又可以借助第一语言的词汇表征为中介再通达语义概念表征，与Kroll等提出的模型一致。     

非熟练汉-俄双语学生的俄语词汇通达研究

笔者采用语义任务语音干扰和语音任务语义干扰的范式,考察母语为汉语的俄语学生俄语词汇通达语音、语义的作用。结果表明:语音任务中,被试对同义异音词的反应时较长,错误率高;语义任务中,被试对同音异义词反应时较长,错误率高。该结果证明母语为汉语的俄语学生俄语词汇通达中语音、语义共同起作用。实验结果支持词汇通达双通道模型。     

汉英词汇语义转换失误与语义知识重构

汉英词汇语义转换失误是翻译和写作中的突出问题,它表明学生英语词汇语义知识结构存在缺陷,亟待重构。翻译教学要重视汉英词汇语义对比,引导学生关注词汇的语用意义,利用学习词典的语义语用信息,提高学生选词用词的能力。     

自闭症儿童汉语词汇语义加工和图片语义加工的实验研究

采用语义启动任务测查了12名自闭症儿童和控制组儿童汉语词汇语义加工和图片语义加工的状况。结果表明：（1）两组儿童在图片启动和词汇启动两种条件下都产生了语义启动效应;（2）与词汇相比,自闭症组更容易通过图片而通达语义;（3）与控制组相比,自闭症组通过图片而通达语义的优势更加明显。重点结合自闭症儿童超凡的视空能力对其图片语义加工的优势进行了讨论。     

非熟练中日双语者语义通达方式的影响因素——基于跨语言长时重复启动范式实验

本研究采用跨语言长时重复启动范式实验,考察了二语词汇的熟悉度和抽象度以及一语与二语的词汇形似度对非熟练中日双语者语义通达方式的影响。结果发现,要求被试在学习阶段完成日语单词的概念判断任务,测验阶段完成汉语单词的词汇判断任务时,不论是熟悉度高还是熟悉度低的日语单词,均没有产生跨语言长时重复启动效应;抽象名词出现了跨语言长时重复启动效应,而具体名词没有出现;不论是词汇形似度高还是词汇形似度低的日语单词,均没有产生跨语言长时重复启动效应。由此可见,词汇抽象度对非熟练中日双语者的语义通达方式具有较为显著的影响。它们需要通过一语词汇表征来通达二语抽象名词的概念层面,但可以直接通达二语具体名词的概念层面。     

不同学、测语言情境下非熟练藏汉双语者英语词汇语义通达实验研究

本研究采用跨语言长时重复启动研究范式探讨非熟练藏汉双语者在不同学习、测试语言情境下英语词汇语义通达情况。实验结果:反应时结果表明,当学习语言与测试语言一致时,汉语学习方式下抽象词汇通过汉语通达语义,藏语学习方式更利于具体词汇通过藏语通达语义;当测试阶段采用多种语言时,抽象词汇与具体词汇均能通过学习语言通达语义,比一致条件更具优势。正确率结果表明,测试阶段采用多种语言更有利于英语词汇的学习,英语词汇通达语义的过程中对藏语具有更大的依赖性,具体词汇比抽象词汇更容易与藏语发生联系。     

从语义视角分析汉英色彩词汇语义扩展的认知机制

色彩词语具有联想性和比喻性特征,可以产生积极或消极的联想意义。从语义学、历时语言学和认知语言学视角出发,以差异迥然的黄色为例,分析可知汉英语言中的色彩词汇在各自特定的文化语境中因语义扩展而形成产生了诸多带有民族性特征的色彩隐喻用以表达概念、状态或情绪。研究表明隐喻思维是汉英色彩词汇语义扩展的内在机制,是人类隐喻化认知在语义领域的凸现。     

中国学生日汉同形词汇通达的实验研究Ⅰ

本研究通过考察“同形”对日汉词汇加工的影响，讨论了初级日语水平中国学生的心理词典结构．实验采用语义判断任务。结果：初级水平的日语学习者，对同形词进行语义判断时，同形同义词判断最快，其次是非中文词，同形异义词的判断最慢。实验证明被试对同形词的语义通达经过了母语词汇的中介，是通过词汇联结通路来学习单词的，对非中文词的学习策略与同形词不同，它表现为多通路模式。     

英语派生词缀对二语学习者语义加工的影响研究

本研究采用3(构词方式：非派生词、前缀派生词、后缀派生词)×2(语义相关性：相关、无关)×2(二语水平：中等水平、低水平)的多因素混合设计,通过在线语义判断任务考察英语派生词缀对于不同水平学习者词汇语义加工的影响。结果显示：1)英语派生词缀对于词汇语义通达有显著的干扰效应,前缀比后缀的干扰效应更显著。表明派生词语义加工过程存在词素分解过程。2)随着语言水平的提高,后缀的干扰效应明显减弱。但即使在中等水平阶段,前缀的影响依然显著。本研究结果对于英语形态复杂词的语义加工和习得研究有一定的启示作用。     

二语词义通达模型、影响因素及其交互效应

阅读中的二语词汇语义通达是指通过视觉接受输入二语词汇信息,并提取词义的过程。受不同表征观及实验方法的影响,研究者在双语者是否需要借助母语通达二语词义这一核心问题上仍存在巨大分歧。目前研究者构建的二语词汇语义通达模型假设主要有:语义独立储存理论下二语词汇语义通达模型、语义共同存储理论下二语词汇语义通达模型和混合(mixed)语义表征理论下多维二语词汇语义通达模型。近年来相关研究表明,二语词汇语义通达受双语者二语熟练度、认识能力、认知压力、二语接触方式和程度、二语习得年龄、双语平衡度、词频、词长、词型、词形相似度、语义相关度和语言相似度等多个维度影响。然而目前有关各因素交互效应的研究并不太多,且多以行为实验为主。未来应着眼于对影响二语词义通达的各种因素交互效应进行整合性研究,采用先进技术手段,严格控制实验过程,才可能进一步完善现有二语词汇语义通达模型。     

Reading in multilingual learners of Urdu (L1), English (L2) and Arabic (L3)

The present study examined the language and literacy skills and their relations to each other in multilingual children, who have a broad range of oral and written language proficiency in each language that they “know”. Reading and vocabulary skills were tested in 50 Canadian children (ages 6–10 years) who were Urdu–English speakers, learning Arabic. Reading skills were related to within-language oral proficiency and across languages with similar and different orthographies. The results suggest the need for hybrid models of language acquisition that combine language-general and language-specific components. The results also are discussed in terms of the need to consider the language and literacy skills of multilingual individuals in current theories of language and literacy acquisition.     

Metalinguistic skills and vocabulary knowledge in Chinese (L1) and English (L2)

How are metalinguistic skills associated with vocabulary knowledge in languages with contrasting phonological and morphological properties? To address this question, tasks of phonological awareness and morphological awareness, other reasoning and literacy-related skills, and measures of vocabulary knowledge in Chinese and English, were administered to 217 Hong Kong Chinese kindergarten children learning English as a second language. Syllable-level awareness but not phoneme onset awareness was strongly associated with Chinese vocabulary knowledge; phoneme onset awareness but not syllable awareness was associated with English vocabulary knowledge. In hierarchical regression equations, phonological awareness in English explained unique variance in English vocabulary knowledge but not in Chinese vocabulary knowledge. In contrast, measures of morphological awareness, which were strongly associated with syllable awareness, uniquely explained 13% of the variance in Chinese vocabulary knowledge apart from all other measures included but were not uniquely associated with English vocabulary knowledge. Findings highlight the strong overlap across phonological and morphological awareness in Chinese and the different associations of each to vocabulary acquisition in Chinese (L1) and English (L2) languages.     

Phonological awareness in Hebrew (L1) and English (L2) in normal and disabled readers

The present study examined cross-linguistic relationships between phonological awareness in L1 (Hebrew) and L2 (English) among normal (N = 30) and reading disabled (N = 30) Hebrew native speaking college students. Further, it tested the effect of two factors: the lexical status of the stimulus word (real word vs. pseudoword) and the linguistic affiliation of the target phoneme (whether it is within L1 or L2) on phonological awareness. Three parallel experimental phonological awareness tasks were developed in both languages: phoneme isolation, full segmentation, and phoneme deletion. As expected, the results revealed lower levels of phonological awareness in the L2 than in the L1, and in the reading disabled than in the normal reader group. The lexical status of the target word was a reliable factor predicting individual differences in phonological awareness in L2. It was also found that the linguistic affiliation of the target phoneme was a reliable factor in predicting L2 phonological awareness performance in both reader groups. The results are discussed within the framework of phonological representation and language-specific linguistic constraints on phonological awareness.     

藏族学生英语三语写作中母语和汉语作用研究

藏族学生英语三语(L3)习得受到母语藏语(L1)和第二语言汉语(L2)的双重影响。以多语交互影响研究者提出的类型近似模型、第二语言主导模型和累积增强模型为理论基础,收集L2水平不同的藏族L3学习者的作文语料,从流利度、词汇丰富度和词语错误率等三个维度对比分析。结果表明L1和L2在L3写作中发挥了不同的作用:L1在作文构思阶段发挥作用;L2水平越高,词汇错误率越低,但L2水平在词汇丰富度上并不具有区分力;教学媒介语对L3也会产生一定影响。这一结果对于藏区英语教学具有一定的启示。     

正交表L16（4^4）和L16（4^5）的优良性

本概括了各种优良准则，并在极小最小距离^[1]准则下详细讨论了正交表L16（4^4),L16(4^5)的优良性，给出了一个正交表L16（4^5),它在上述准则下优于[2]附录中提供的L16（4^5)。     

幂等元半环上的Green(L+)∩(L·)-关系

给出了幂等元半环S满足Green-(L+)∩(L·)关系的充要条件:a(L+)L+∩(L·)b(=)(存在u,v∈S)a=(u+v)(v+u+v)(u+v),b=(v+u+v)(u+v);对(L+)L+∩(L·)关系是S上的同余作了进一步刻划.     

The role of SES in Chinese (L1) and English (L2) word reading in Chinese‐speaking kindergarteners

The present study investigated the relationships between socioeconomic status (SES) and word reading in both Chinese (L1) and English (L2), with children's cognitive/linguistic skills considered as mediators and/or moderators. One hundred ninety‐nine Chinese kindergarteners in Hong Kong with diverse SES backgrounds participated in this study. SES explained unique variance in English word reading even after age, phonological processing, vocabulary and working memory were controlled. However, the effect of SES on Chinese word reading became nonsignificant when these control variables were included. Moreover, phonological awareness showed a full mediating effect on the relationship between SES and Chinese word reading. Both phonological awareness and vocabulary were found to partially mediate the association between SES and English word reading. These findings complement our understanding of the relation between SES and reading development in Chinese societies and may have policy or intervention development implications.     

R(L)型诱导空间的正规性

Kubiak在文献[1]中研究了I(L)型诱导空间中的正规性,complete正规性以perfect正规性与LX中相应概念之间的关系,得到了三个重要的定理.本文将这一结果推广到R(L)型诱导空间情形.     

Transfer of reading-related cognitive skills in learning to read Chinese (L1) and English (L2) among Chinese elementary school children

This study investigated transfer of reading-related cognitive skills between learning to read Chinese (L1) and English (L2) among Chinese children in Hong Kong. Fifty-three Grade 2 students were tested on word reading, phonological, orthographic and rapid naming skills in Chinese (L1) and English (L2). The major findings were: (a) significant correlations between Chinese and English measures in phonological awareness and rapid naming, but not in orthographic skills; (b) significant unique contribution of Chinese and English rapid naming skills and English rhyme awareness for predicting Chinese word reading after controlling for all the Chinese and English cognitive measures; (c) significant unique contribution of English phonological skills and Chinese orthographic skills (a negative one) for predicting English word reading after controlling for all the English and Chinese cognitive measures; and (d) significant unique contribution of Chinese rhyme awareness for predicting English phonemic awareness. These findings provide initial evidence that developing reading-related cognitive skills in English may have facilitative effects on Chinese word reading development. They also suggest that Chinese orthographic skills or tactics may not be helpful for learning to read English words among ESL learners; and that Chinese rhyme awareness facilitates the development of English phonemic awareness which is an essential skill predicting ESL learning.