技能训练要符合学生心理行为特征

讲练一体化教学是实现心智技能和操作技能相结合的有效途径,指导与示范是促进技能形成的关键。符合学生技能训练心理行为特征的要求是：目的明确,方法正确,由易到难,速度适当,方式多样,及时反馈。运用学习迁移的原理,提高技能训练效果。     

Statistical Studies of a College Freshman Testing Program

"ABSTRACT In an investigation of the improvement of mastery learning techniques through instruction based on a validated learning hierarchy, it was found that it was highly effective to present tasks in a sequence consistent with the requirements of the hierarchy, and to require learners to demonstrate clearly their achievement of each task in turn before being allowed to proceed to the next. With this technique, nearly all of a group of relatively young students were able to perform the skill better than a group of students three grades higher who had been taught the skill as part of their normal lessons.     

Effects of an Inductive Versus a Deductive Instructional Approach on the Constructive Feedback and Problem-Solving Skills of Supervisors

This study investigated the effects of an inductive versus a deductive instructional approach on the constructive feedback and problem-solving skills of supervisors. Sixteen supervisors were randomly assigned to either an inductive or a deductive instructional group for one of the instructional units in a supervisory training program. The topic of the unit was the constructive feedback process. Supervisors' acquisition and transfer of skill in giving constructive feedback, problem-solving skill, facilitation of subordinate problem-solving skill, and attitudes toward training were assessed. The findings showed that while supervisors in the deductive group demonstrated greater ability to transfer their learning, supervisors in the inductive group perceived that the quality of their training experience was better. No significant differences were found on either measure of problem-solving skill. Implications of these findings for instructional design theory, research, and practice are discussed.     

原型范畴理论视阈下的英语词汇习得研究

长期以来,我国学生英语词汇学习普遍采用死记硬背的方法,这种方法把有趣学习变成枯燥乏味的过程,最终导致英语学习出现“费时较多,收效较低”的局面。原型范畴理论认为事物以范畴的方式存在,范畴中的各成员存在着家族相似性和等级性,范畴可以划分为基本层次范畴、上位范畴和下属范畴。英语词汇学习可以在原型范畴理论的指导下进行大胆探索,以提高学生的学习兴趣和学习效果,改变“费时低效”的局面。     

Validation of a learning hierarchy for the mole concept

Three psychometric methods for validating learning hierarchies are applied to one data set derived from responses of grade 10 chemistry students to items representing the skills in a hypothesized hierarchy for the mole concept. Two methods which considered skills in pairs, namely the “test of inclusion” by White and Clark and the “ordering-theoretic method” by Airaisian and Bart produced generally similar results. The third method, by Dayton and Mac-ready, considered the hierarchy as a whole and produced clearer distinctions between alternative hierarchies than the first two methods. The hierarchy derived from this analysis was supported by a test for transfer of learning from subordinate to superordinate skills.     

原型范畴理论视阈下的英语词汇习得探究

长期以来,我国学生英语词汇学习普遍采用死记硬背的方法,这种方法把有趣学习变成枯燥乏味的过程,最终导致英语学习出现"费时较多,收效较低"的局面。原型范畴理论认为事物以范畴的方式存在的,范畴中的各成员存在着家族相似性和等级性。由此,范畴可以划分为基本层次范畴、上位范畴和下属范畴。英语词汇学习可以在原型范畴理论的指导下进行大胆探索,以提高学生的学习兴趣和学习效果,改变"费时低效"的局面。     

听力策略指导对二语听力的效用分析

听力是语言习得的一项基本技能,是语言学习的一个重要组成部分,在二语或外语学习中至关重要。策略的使用有助于二语学习者提高学习能力并加速第二语言的学习过程。本研究就大学英语听力教学中策略指导的效用展开分析,研究结果表明,听力策略中文指导组的表现比听力策略英语指导组和无听力策略指导组更好,取得了显著效果,这进一步表明听力策略一语教学是最有效的听力技能培训与支持手段,它对学习者二语听力能力的发展有着重要意义。     

The differential impact of observational learning and practice-based learning on the development of oral presentation skills in higher education

The present study focuses on the design and evaluation of an innovative instructional approach to developing oral presentation skills. The intervention builds on the observational learning theoretical perspective. This perspective is contrasted with the traditional training and practice approach. Two sequencing approaches – learners starting with observational learning versus learners starting with practice opportunities only – were compared. It was hypothesised that learners starting with observational learning would outperform learners in the practice only condition. The results suggest a significant differential impact on development of oral presentation skills. This impact of the observational learning training approach is only found in a limited number of evaluation criteria. Results additionally suggest that students are highly motivated to learn this type of skill. Interaction effects between student characteristics and instructional interventions were not significant.     

Instruction-first and problem-solving-first approaches: alternative pathways to learning complex tasks

According to cognitive load theory, using worked examples is an effective and efficient instructional strategy for initial cognitive skill acquisition for novice learners, as it reduces cognitive load and frees up cognitive resources to build task competence. Contrary to this, productive failure (as well as invention learning, desirable difficulties and other problem-solving-first) frameworks suggest that scaffolded problem-solving activities (a generation phase) preceding explicit instruction enhance learners’ performance. The reported experimental study investigated the effectiveness of different levels of instructional guidance provided to students during the learning phase preceding explicit instruction in standard solution procedures in enhancing students’ engagement and transfer problem-solving skills. Specifically, the study compared partially-guided or unguided attempts at generating problem solutions as opposed to comprehensive guidance, in the form of a worked example. Levels of experienced cognitive load and learner motivation were evaluated in addition to delayed post-test performance scores. There were no differences between the three groups on the transfer post-test outcomes, even though the condition with fully-guided worked examples prior to the explicit instruction expectedly reduced cognitive load relative to the conditions without such guidance. There were also differences between the conditions on some sub-dimensions of the motivation scale. In general, the findings indicate that similar overall outcomes (delayed transfer performance) could be achieved by different sequences of instructional tasks aimed at achieving different sets of specific goals.     

Learning and transfer in subject-matter learning: A problem-solving model

This paper points out that the growth of the cognitive movement, with its emphasis upon perception and memory, has been accompanied by a decrease in the study of learning, retention, and transfer as found in the traditional associationistic framework. Moreover, some critics have argued that the contribution of learning and memory research over the past century has been minimal. The present paper presents a general reconceptualization of learning and retention, making these concepts subordinate to the concept of transfer. This reconceptualization thus places emphasis upon prior knowledge, skills, attitudes, and other characteristics of the individual. In addition, it is argued that the general information-processing model of problem solving, especially as applied to ill-structured problems, provides a general conceptual framework for the study of learning, the model being especially useful when considering learning in academic subject-matter domains.     

远程学习效能感的结构和影响因素研究

本研究采用自编的远程学习效能感问卷对207名远程学习者进行测查。因素分析结果表明,远程学习效能感可以分为一般效能感和特殊效能感两个维度。特殊效能感又包括技能效能感和课程学习效能感两个子维度。测查结果显示,就远程学习效能感的两个维度而言,学习者的特殊效能感显著高于一般效能感。通过对可能影响远程学习效能感的因素进行考察后发现,计算机知识水平高的学习者的远程学习效能感要比计算机知识水平低的学习者高,而不同性别和不同年级的学习者之间的远程学习效能感没有显著差异。     

Communication skills programs that last: Face to Face and relapse prevention

Communication skills are basic to effective management. However, communication training programs must not only show evidence that the skills have been learned, but also demonstrate that this learning can be converted into effective on the job behavior. A communication skills program, Face to Face, based on the microtraining model, is described. This model has substantial empirical evidence of successful skill acquisition. A novel approach to skill transfer and retention, the relapse prevention model is proposed as a methodology for maintaining communication skills in the work setting.     

A Comparison of the Effects of Fluency Training and Accuracy Training on Application and Retention

The effects of fluency training on the acquisition and retention of a composite skill were compared with those of training to accuracy only. Participants were 30 college students, and the task was a stimulus equivalence task, similar to the one used by Binder (1995) in earlier assessments. Participants learned associations between Hebrew symbols and nonsense syllables and between nonsense syllables and Arabic numerals. Immediately after training and every 2 or 4 weeks for 16 weeks, they were tested on a composite task that required both associations. Retention of the original component associations was also assessed after 4 months. With respect to the composite skill, fluency training resulted in: a) higher response rates immediately after training and across the 16 weeks; b) better accuracy 4 and 16 weeks after training; and c) less deterioration of accuracy after 16 weeks. Effects on the component skills were similar. The results document that for skilled adult learners, fluency training can aid the acquisition of a higher level skill and increase the retention of accuracy for both the component and composite skills.     

The impact of content area focus on the effectiveness of a web‐based simulation

This paper describes an assessment of a web‐based interview simulation designed to teach empathetic helping skills. The system includes an animated character acting as a client and responses designed to recreate a simulated role‐play, a common assessment method used for teaching these skills. The purpose of this study was to determine whether learning gains found in previous evaluations would transfer to students needing similar skill sets but in different areas of study. Findings indicate a positive trend in learning gains across both areas of study (human services and counselling) with no significant differences in skill acquisition. Developers of the system conclude that the system is effective in the general training of empathetic helping skills regardless of the students' area of study.     

The role of attention processes in near transfer of cognitive skills

We tested hypotheses about the respective roles of working memory, perceptual speed, knowledge, and attention disengagement processes in skill transfer errors that resemble einstellung effects or strong-but-wrong slips. Correlational evidence was consistent with the hypothesis that these errors are primarily due to the inability of learners to disengage attention from expected or familiar operations. The data also supported the notion that error proneness during near transfer generalizes across different skills. Contrary to expectations, working memory capacity had little or no relationship to either transfer errors or attention disengagement ability. Results are discussed with respect to skill training and individual differences in skill performance ability.     

Informal Learning with Technology: The Effects of Self-Constructing Externalizations

ABSTRACT

Especially in the context of technology-enhanced informal learning, it is crucial to understand how to design information sources in such a way that learners are not overwhelmed by the demands of the learning process, but at the same time are engaged in higher order thinking processes. Guidance aids learners in dealing with the demands of a learning process. The authors examined the effects of different levels of guidance provided by an information source. To this end, the effects of a preconstructed externalization are compared to a self-constructed externalization. Thirty-eight students participated in the study. The results revealed no significant differences between the groups with respect to posttest retention. However, performance in application tasks was promoted by the condition associated with a lower level of guidance. This suggests that having learners self-construct an externalization might be a suitable means to elicit learners’ higher order thinking processes in technology-enhanced informal learning.     

桌面虚拟实验的教学效应研究

以加涅的学习结果分类理论为依据结合已有的研究成果,讨论桌面虚拟实验对言语信息学习的作用,桌面虚拟实验对智慧技能学习的作用,桌面虚拟实验对动作技能学习的作用,最后通过调查问卷法和实验法来验证桌面虚拟实验对言语信息和智慧技能学习的作用。     

The impact of intellectual ability and metacognition on learning: New support for the threshold of problematicity theory

Three models representing different relations between intellectual ability, metacognitive skills, and learning were compared. The conditions under which each of these models holds were investigated, on the basis of the threshold of problematicity theory [Elshout, J. J. (1987). Problem solving and education. In E. De Corte, H. Lodewijks, R. Parmentier, & P. Span (Eds.), Learning and instruction (pp. 259–273). Oxford/Leuven: Pergamon Books/University Press]. Novice and advanced learners (N = 44) passed through a computer-simulated inductive-learning environment of different complexity levels. Results show that correlational patterns between intellectual ability, metacognitive skilfulness, and learning outcomes of novice learners at the easy level were similar to the patterns of advanced learners at the intermediate level. Metacognitive skilfulness rather than intellectual ability appears essential for learning when learners operate at the boundary of their knowledge.     

Finding the Best Types of Guidance for Constructing Self-Explanations of Subgoals in Programming

Subgoal learning, a technique used to break down problem solving into manageable pieces, has been used to promote retention and transfer in procedural domains, such as programming. The primary method of learning subgoals has been passive, and passive learning methods are typically less effective than constructive methods. To promote constructive methods of learning subgoals, we prompted learners to self-explain the subgoals of a problem-solving procedure. Self-explanation asks learners to make sense of new information based on prior knowledge and logical reasoning. Novices’ self-explanation is typically more effective when they receive guidance, because it helps them to focus on relevant information. In the present experimental study, the types of guidance that students received while self-explaining determined whether the constructive learning method was more effective than the passive method. Participants assigned to the constructive learning method performed best when they either received hints about the subgoals or received correct explanations as feedback, but not when they received both. These findings suggest that constructive learning of subgoals can further improve the benefits of subgoal learning when students receive only guidance that complements their construction of knowledge. This nuance is important for educators who engage their students in constructive learning and self-explanation.