新教材对物理课堂教学的要求

本文以高中物理教材(试验修订本)第一册为例,着重提出在教材的施教中①如何理解教材的编写思想,在教材知识内容增加,教学时间减少的情况下,根据教学大纲的教学要求,处理好知识的广度和深度的关系;②如何根据学生的认知规律,组织概念、规律的教学;③教学如何适应社会发展的需要,处理好理论知识与社会、技术的关系,加强知识的应用意识;④如何转变教学观念,以学科的课题研究和研究性学习为契机,改变课堂教学的模式和学生的学习方式;⑤如何进行实验教学的探索,以探索性实验的研究为范例,培养学生的创新意识.充分利用新教材实施之际,结合研究性学习,推动物理课堂的改革,改变学生的学习方式.     

Capturing classroom context: The observation system as lens for assessment

Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Educational Research Association, 1988, New Orleans.     

Relationships in the classroom: The child and the context

The primary purpose of this study was for teacher education students to develop a framework for assessing the performance of children in their current ecology or environment. To that end, data were collected relevant to child and context variables that might influence learning. Relationships between variables emerged that are of interest and provocative of further study. A discriminant analysis revealed that children who were identified as being hyperactive and as having academic problems tended to be male, Anglo, and from a large family. Although it is much too early to use this model to predict or classify, if replicated, patterns might be identified that would contribute to instructional decision making.     

Testing virtual classroom in the school context

The development of information and communication technologies has made it possible for schools to establish inter‐institutional electronic networks to enhance the quality of education in small schools in sparsely populated countries like Finland. Along with this development, new kinds of virtual classrooms have emerged in symbiosis with conventional schools. A virtual classroom in a school context is a new, mostly uninvestigated, phenomenon. In this article we discuss some theoretical aspects of a virtual classroom in the school context. We also report results of a Finnish project which links two lower secondary school classrooms with the use of video‐conferencing.     

Using a cashbook as textbook

In the Gambia, an innovative shceme was developed by government and parastatal organizations to provide small-scale businessmen and women with the skills required for banking and record-keeping. The course they developed applied the approach of specific literacy and numeracy. Specific literacy identifies and transmits a select group of literacy skills necessary to perform a given task. The course encouraged the learner to recognize, copy, and associate words with objects or ideas and, at the same time, learn to identify sounds with written letters. Role plays, homework assignments, self-corrected quizzes, and cashbook/workbooks were some of the techniques used to ensure that learners were able to create records and keep accurate account of their daily cash flow. The purpose of this short 6-month course was not to achieve full literacy for each and every learner, but to introduce specific skills that integrated literacy and business. In this way, the course emphasized the essentials of record-keeping, and hopefully encouraged the learners to develop their own practice: to create a system of written conventions they would use reularly to monitor their business transactions.     

课堂教学中大学生英语的自主学习

自主学习有被误解为“独立学习”或“没有教师的自学”。实践证明,在培养学生自主能力的过程中,教师起着非常重要的作用。教师应当在常规的大学英语课堂教学中,结合各种各样的教学技巧和活动来培养非英语专业学生的自主学习能力。     

英语课堂话语的认知语境与交际效果分析

英语课堂话语,是指其在特定的对话环境和语境当中,要求交流双方在参与交流过程当中采取最理想的交流方式来达到一定的交流目的教学活动。通过对英语课堂话语的认知语境的主要特征进行研究分析及课堂话语的认知语境对教学效果的影响,从而给出设计课堂话语认知语境的具体措施和对策。     

Research methods for criminal justice graduate students: Comparing textbook coverage and classroom instruction

Research methods are perhaps the most difficult subject matter to teach in the graduate criminal justice curricula. This is in part due to the mix of practitioners and aspiring researchers in most criminal justice graduate departments, leading many instructors to question whether their own coverage is in line with the needs of their graduate students as well as the coverage of other instructors. Also complicating matters is that research methods textbooks are not geared specifically for the graduate level, and thus may neglect topics that are necessary for today's criminal justice graduate students. The present study addresses these concerns by providing an analysis of 11 current criminal justice research methods textbooks, as well as a survey of 36 instructors of graduate criminal justice and criminology research methods classes. Both the texts and instructors are found to place a strong focus on quantitative methods, while the textbooks tend to place a greater emphasis on qualitative methods than the instructors. Moreover, both the texts and instructors neglect topics crucial to today's criminal justice graduate student, including grant writing, article writing and critiquing, and standards for collaborative research efforts.     

The relationship between ethnic diversity and classroom disruption in the context of migration policies

This paper studies the relationship between ethnic school composition and classroom disruption in secondary education in the context of migration policies. We measured classroom disruption using students’ reports from 3533 schools in 20 countries provided by cross-national PISA (Programme for International Student Assessment) 2009 data. We employ the migrant share and the ethnic diversity net of the native share as indicators of the ethnic composition of a school. The MIPEX (Immigrant Integration Policy indEX) is used as an indicator of migration policies. Our results show a positive association between ethnic school diversity net of the migrant share and classroom disruption. Furthermore, we show a negative interaction term of the migration policy and ethnic diversity. Consequently, our results indicate that students in countries with a more inclusive migration policy are at least less harmed by influence of ethnic school diversity regarding classroom disruption. Findings partly support the “contact hypothesis” and reject the “threat hypothesis” in an educational context.     

The roles of interaction and negotiation of meaning in second language acquisitionin classroom context

本文探讨在第二语言学习过程中,基于任务型的学习互动和语义协商的作用。任务型互动和语义协商对语言的学习和表达有着非常重要的作用。语义协商作为修正互动的一种有效手段能够更好的完成第二语言认知。     

新课程背景下课堂教学目标的设计与实施

课堂教学必须有明确目标,这应该没有异议.但在开展新课程倡导的自主学习、研究性学习时,一些教师似乎淡化了课堂教学目标,对课堂教学目标的重视程度不够,在设计、实施课堂教学目标时不可避免地存在诸多问题.本文试图在论证课堂教学目标重要性的基础上,探讨新课程背景下课堂教学目标设计的基本原则、实施的注意事项,以期时中小学教师有所裨益.     

Observations of the middle school environment: The context for student behavior beyond the classroom

This article describes the use of an observation system to measure middle school staff practices, environment characteristics, and student behavior in the school common areas. Data were collected at baseline from 18 middle schools participating in a randomized controlled trial of school‐wide Positive Behavior Support. The observations were reliable and showed sensitivity to differences between school settings and between schools. Multilevel models with students nested in schools were used to examine the associations of staff practices and the school environment with student behavior. Less effective behavior management and more staff criticism, graffiti, and percentage of low‐income students were associated with student problem behaviors. Greater use of effective behavior management and positive attention, and fewer low‐income students were associated with positive student behavior. The use of data‐based feedback to schools for intervention planning and monitoring is illustrated. Implications for school‐wide efforts to improve student behavior in middle schools are discussed. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

自主高效课堂背景下小学计算教学的实践研究

文章阐述如何运用复习铺垫,情境激趣—巧用迁移,自主探究—引导发现,归纳方法—练习深化,优化方法—总结回顾,多元评价的教学策略,在小学计算教学中实施"自主发现式"教学。     

The classroom as a stage and the teacher's role

Teaching is a profession in which teachers are accustomed to being in the spotlight. In this paper we meet “Tina”¹—a newly employed teacher at a Norwegian public junior high school—who is engaged on an hourly basis to teach Arts and Crafts, including a seventh-grade class which has been called “challenging” by other members of the staff. Enthusiastic, committed, and focused educators who can serve as role models for their students are much in demand at this school. Her own challenge is to find a good balance between the many cultural roles she has to perform in an inclusive education—one that works toward a goal of servicing an integrated student body—as manager, administrator of materials, initiator, facilitator, reflection partner, and mentor. In this paper we describe how she shapes a learning environment characterized by clear and unambiguous signals about what is acceptable behavior, while at the same time insisting on creativity and originality in art work. The guiding question is: How does the teacher achieve the double task of keeping order and maintaining creativity?The study is based on ethnographic field work conducted over several months in the Arts and Crafts class of “Berge” school. We describe how the children try to sabotage the tasks, and analyze critical episodes using sociocultural theory. With its emphasis on cultural and creative activities, the Arts and Crafts subject provides a special opportunity for what sociocultural theory calls using mediating artefacts or elements (mediated action²). What makes the subject particularly interesting is that it is not only a matter of using linguistic mediation, but rather also mediation based on external factors, such as the use of specific objects or model learning.     

The meaning of student engagement and disengagement in the classroom context: lessons from organisational behaviour

Despite the popularity of student engagement and, by association, student disengagement, the academic literature is unclear about the meaning of these terms. This review extends existing conceptual studies of student engagement by offering clear definitions and conceptualisations of both student engagement and disengagement in the classroom context. To develop these conceptualisations, the present review draws upon organisational behaviour theory on work engagement and disengagement because the literature in this discipline is notably more refined than in educational research. Using an organisational behaviour backdrop, student engagement and disengagement are defined by the degree of students’ activation and pleasure. In order to operationalise student engagement, measures that are aligned with the proposed conceptualisation are recommended. Recommendations are also suggested for the development of a measure of student disengagement. The proposed measurement of student engagement and disengagement should provide a unified direction for future empirical research on these topics.     

Teacher influence in the classroom: A context for understanding curriculum translation

Innovative doctrines create dilemmas for teachers. These dilemmas arise because, when teachers decide to adopt new practices, they face new uncertainties about their role in the classroom, the effectiveness of their methods and the purposes of their instruction. The way teachers used the materials of a particular innovation, the Schools Council Integrated Science Project, is described and explained in terms of teacher control over the uncertainties of classroom life. The Project proposals, initially seen by teachers as increasing the diffuseness of their work, were modified by them so that it was clearer to them what was to be accomplished and how it was to be done. At the same time, a functional alignment of goals, techniques and social relationships was maintained through teacher influence in the classroom. The translation of the materials into more specific terms meant that important elements of the doctrine of the Project were either ignored or redefined in more traditional terms. Such redefinition of innovation in specific terms raises questions about the effectiveness, as instruments of change, of centralized curriculum projects remote from the practical problems of schools. Implications for curriculum policy and research into the dilemmas teachers face in teaching are discussed.An earlier version of this paper was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Education Research Association, Boston, Mass., April 1980.