Engaging excellence? Effects of faculty quality on university engagement with industry

We investigate how universities’ research quality shapes their engagement with industry. Previous research has predominantly found a positive relationship between academics’ research quality and their commercialization activities. Here we use industry involvement measures that are broader than commercialization and indicate actual collaboration, i.e. collaborative research, contract research and consulting. We hypothesise that the relationship between faculty quality and industry engagement differs across disciplines, depending on complementarities between industrial and academic work, and resource requirements. Using a dataset covering all UK universities, we find that in technology-oriented disciplines, departmental faculty quality is positively related to industry involvement. In the medical and biological sciences we find a positive effect of departmental faculty quality but establish that this does not apply to star scientists. In the social sciences, we find some support for a negative relationship between faculty quality and particularly the more applied forms of industry involvement. The implication for science policy makers and university managers is that differentiated approaches to promoting university-industry relationships are required.     

Faculty participation in licensing: Implications for research

We exploit a unique database on research and invention disclosure of faculty at 11 major US universities over a period of 17 years to explore the extent to which faculty involvement in license activity has affected their research profiles. We relate faculty disclosures to their industry and government-sponsored research, publications, and citations. Recent disclosure by faculty has a positive effect on industry and government funding, but, if they disclose multiple times, the effect on government funding can be negative. Recent and repeated disclosures increase the faculty member's publication count as well as the importance of these publications in terms of citations. We also examine life-cycle effects and find that the ability to attract funding and the rate of publication increase as the faculty member ages but at a decreasing rate. We also find that post-tenure, both types of funding decrease.     

中国高校教师对网络教育的创新－决策行为及他们对网络教育属性的认识

本研究的目的是为了了解中国农业大学教师对网络教育的创新-决策行为与他们对网络教育五项属性(相对优势、相容性、复杂性、可试验性、和可观察性)的认识之间的相互关系。本研究的理论基础是Rogers的创新-决策过程模型和创新属性理论。本研究采用的是定量研究,研究结果用统计数据的方式来描述。结果表明,(1)70%的参与问卷的教师(总人数=273)仍处于网络教育创新-决策过程的早期阶段(“无认知”、“认知”、或“说服”阶段),仅30%的老师处在后期三个阶段性(“决策”、“实施”、或“确认”阶段);(2)中国农大教师同意网络教育五项属性的存在;(3)教师对网络教育的创新-决策行为对他们认识网络教育相对优势属性的影响统计意义上不显著,但是,教师对网络教育相对优势、相容性、复杂性、可试验性、和可观察性属性的认识因他们对网络教育的创新-决策行为而有统计意义上的显著不同,整体而言,在网络教育创新-决策过程中所处阶段越靠后的教师对网络教育以上四项属性的认同越强烈。     

University-industry relationships in the life sciences: Implications for students and post-doctoral fellows

Growth in the industrial support of university research in the life sciences and more specifically in biotechnology has raised questions concerning its effects, both positive and negative, on the educational experiences of graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. A survey of 693 graduate students and post-doctoral fellows at six research intensive universities in the United States reveals that 19 percent of the responding students and fellows receive direct industry support for their research or training and that another 15 percent work with faculty advisors supported by industrial funds. On average students and fellows in this sample believe that the benefits of relationships with private firms outweigh the risks. In addition, students funded by private firms are more likely than those without industry connections to report patents resulting from their research. No relationship is found between industry support and young scientists' career plans or their rating of the quality of their educational experiences. However, the data suggest the existence of some risks: industry support is associated with fewer or delayed publications, inhibition of scientific communication on the part of some trainees, and some restrictions on students' and fellows' research. In a few cases, students are supported by funds from companies in which faculty advisors hold equity, a situation that creates potential conflicts of interest for students' mentors. To protect students, university administrators must monitor the relationships with industry that give rise to these potential problems. Future research into industrial support of research and training is needed to extend these results.     

校外兼职对我国高校教师科研产出的影响

    本文基于2014年中国大学教师微观调查数据,采用OLS回归模型实证检验了教师校外兼职参与以及兼职类型对科研产出的影响,并探究了教师科研偏好的调节作用。实证结果表明：（1）我国高校教师的校外兼职参与和科研产出存在互补效应。具体而言,校外兼职与教师国内论文发表数量呈显著的正相关关系,与其他形式的科研产出不显著相关。（2）与没有参与校外兼职的教师相比,教师在公共部门从事校外兼职主要对国内论文的发表和专著出版有正向促进作用,而在私有部门兼职有利于高校教师获取更多的发明专利。（3）教师科研偏好对校外兼职与科研产出之间的关系具有调节作用。研究结果为我们更好地引导和规范我国高校教师参与校外兼职,规避潜在角色冲突提供了实证证据与新的启示。     

企业与大学合作创新过程中信任机制研究

文章在阐述信任在企业-大学(U／I)合作创新中重要性的基础上,研究了信任在U／I合作中的来源及影响信任的主要因素,并分析了信任的产生机制、运行机制和保障机制,在此基础上试着建立了U／I合作的信任机制模型。     

基于教师职业特点的高校教师绩效评价研究

通过对高校教师职业特点以及现行高校教师绩效测评的主要内容论述,从现行高校教师绩效评价的局限性分析入手,提出高枝教师绩效有效评价的对策:1.以人为本,对教师考核应体现人文关怀;2.重视教师师德修养,综合评价高校教师绩效;3.正确处理好教学与科研的关系;4.构建科学合理的多元高校教师绩效评价体系.     

基于三螺旋模型的大学科技园孵化模式研究

政府、产业和大学(研究机构)是大学科技园孵化活动的主要参与主体,三者之间互相促进、互为因果,呈现三螺旋结构特征。本研究通过对孵化活动的三螺旋分析,为孵化模式创新提供理论指导并创造性地提出产业基地孵化模式。产业基地孵化模式从促进官-产-学合作入手,充分发挥大学科技园在资源整合和共享方面的独特优势,以科技产业培育为目标,围绕某一具体产业开展科技项目和科技企业孵化两项活动,实现孵化活动的链条式发展。研究成果为大学科技园孵化和政府部门科技管理提供了一个新的视角,有利于区域创新能力的提高和可持续发展。     

The making of homophilic networks in international research collaborations: A global perspective from Chilean and Korean engineering

As globalization has expedited mobility of faculty across nations, faculty hiring is taking place at an international level. Institutions and governments often perceive hiring faculty who were trained in different countries as a strategy for reaching the status of world-class universities. The major assumption behind this hiring strategy is that faculty who are educated in prestigious universities in foreign countries will bring cutting edge knowledge and networks that will lead to future research collaborations. Yet, a dearth of research empirically investigated the assumption that institutions that train future foreign faculty and those that hire faculty with foreign degrees will have greater presence in the international networks of research collaboration. Filling this hole, this study examines this assumption from an international perspective, using the case of industrial engineering departments at selective research universities in Chile and Korea. Based on the unique data that document faculty hiring (degree attainment institutions) and research collaboration (co-authorship), and institutional prestige (global ranking positions), we analyzed the relationship between faculty hiring network and research collaboration network, as well as their association with institutional prestige. The results provide strong evidence of the positive relationships between doctoral training and future research collaboration, and the strong presence of institutions with global prestige. These relationships result in homophilic networks that suggest a concern about a reduced diversity in theoretical perspective and research methods within the disciplinary field.     

产学研共同体信息共享的形成机理及实现路径

[目的/意义] 随着场景化要素在产学研共同体中渐进地嵌入,使信息共享作为促进产学研共同体成员间协同创新的血液功能越来越明显,激发着产学研共同体价值创造的新动能,使产学研共同体信息共享具有了场景化效用和适配化可能。[方法/过程] 为此,将信息共享场景、信息共享情境纳入产学研共同体信息共享研究之中,从产学研共同体信息共享的内涵出发,发掘了产学研共同体的场景化形成机理,设计了产学研共同体信息共享的实现路径。[结果/结论] 以现有相关文献为基础,咨询产学研共同体领域专家和信息领域专家形成访谈提纲,采用半结构访谈的方法提炼了"企业-高校" "高校-科研机构" "科研机构-企业"3个场景的信息共享适配策略。     

我国大学知识转移研究述评

大学知识转移是知识转移研究中重要的一部分,有关大学知识转移的价值已引起了研究者们的重视,并从不同角度进行了广泛的研究。本文从校企知识转移角度、大学之间知识转移角度、大学内部知识转移角度及其它方面对近几年我国大学知识转移的研究情况进行了分析、总结,肯定了已取得的成果,同时指出了其中的不足,对我国大学知识转移今后进一步的研究具有一定的借鉴作用。     

区域产业结构优化中的研究型大学技术转移

本文阐述了研究型大学技术转移的发展概况,分析了研究型大学技术转移在区域产业结构优化中的作用,并从需求、投入、行为主体以及政策四个方面探讨了技术转移的影响因子,建立了政府、企业与研究型大学在技术转移过程中的博弈模型。文章最后给出了研究型大学技术转移对策。     

Priorities in research policy

Against the background of former empirical and experimental studies on priorities in research and development, conducted by the Studiengruppe für Systemforschung e.V., the Standing Committee on Education and Science of the Deutsche Bundestag requested the Studiengruppe to perform a detailed survey with prominent personalities who mainly deal with research planning and management.The 100 personalities, who participated in this survey, were asked to evaluate 13 research areas sponsored by the government (education, defence, health, EDP, nuclear energy …) according to 8 objectives (raising of the technological standard of industry, improvement of international cooperation, satisfaction of elementary human needs …). In addition, the participants were asked to establish a research budget for 1976.The majority of the participants demanded a further increase of overall research expenditure. The funds allotted to defence and nuclear energy were to be reduced, while the percentages for education, the environment, housing and town planning were to be drastically increased.The differences in evaluation between the groups ‘industry’, ‘research’, and ‘others’ are shown. The limitations of such surveys are discussed and new perspectives and orientations for future research planning are outlined.     

Impacts of grants and contracts on academic researchers’ interactions with industry

Based on a representative national sample of 1564 academic researchers, we investigate the impacts of research grants and contracts on the nature and extent of faculty research and technology activities with industry. A particular focus is on understanding the independent contributions of industry and government grant sources on levels of industrial involvement. In addition to examining the source of grants, the study controls for a number of independent factors including: scientific field, research center affiliation, tenure status, and gender. Results suggest independent effects of grants and contracts on industrial activities. Grants and contracts from industry have a significant effect on academic researchers’ propensity to work with industry, as measured by an “industrial involvement scale.” Federally-sponsored grants also have an impact in increasing work with industry, but a more moderate one. Further, those with more grants and contracts (of each type) have a greater propensity for industrial involvement than those who have such contracts but fewer. This holds even when proxies for productivity and career stage are introduced in regression equations. The analysis also considers whether provision of grants and contracts is best viewed as a predictor of industrial involvement or just another type of industrial involvement using factor analysis and nested multivariate modeling to compare effects.     

国家大学科技园入园机制研究

国家大学科技园是结合了高校、企业、政府三方面的优势，以加强产学研合作为目的的区域创新系统。设计了国家大学科技园的入园机制，其中包括：大学科技园产学研进入机制、大学科技园风险基金筹措机制、受孵企业技术价值评估机制、国家大学科技园风险规避机制。     

产学研合作创新体系与自主知识产权

产学研合作创新是技术创新的一个有效方式，是企业建立其核心竞争力所要经历的重要途径；自主知识产权是中国加入WT0后企业参与国际竞争的一道有力屏障，它实质上是产学研合作创新过程的一个升华。自主知识产权通过合法的方式对产学研合作创新的成果进行保护，使企业更具竞争力。文章通过对产学研合作创新过程的论述以及产学研创新过程中诸要素的分析细化了产学研合作创新与自主知识产权的关系。从而确立了，通过整合产学研合作创新过程，建立以自主知识产权为主的核心技术系统，提升核心竞争力的产业发展道路。     

Managing research and innovation networks: Evidence from a government sponsored cross-industry program

Important innovations are increasingly produced based on research engagement and fertilization across industries. However, we know little about the challenges associated with managing innovation networks in specific contexts that involves researchers in cross-industry collaboration. Against this backdrop, we draw on theory on design and orchestration of innovation networks to analyze a large-scale government sponsored program, “ProcessIT Innovations” that was designed to increase competitiveness and accelerate economic growth in Northern Sweden. The program was initiated and led by firms from the traditionally strong local process industry and engaged local researchers and firms from the emerging IT industry. Based on our analyses, we offer two contributions. First, we provide a detailed analysis of the challenges related to configuration of the network, orchestration of partnerships between participants, and facilitation of innovation in dedicated development projects. Second, we propose a model of managing research and innovation networks through fertilization across industries and between firms and research institutions.     

Research subsidies,industry–university cooperation and innovation

We evaluate the impact of the EC's Seventh Framework Programme, a large-scale research subsidy programme, on the innovation activities of subsidized firms, with a particular regard to industry–university partnerships. Using matching and difference-in-difference estimation, we find a positive effect on a range of innovation indicators. The number of project participants in general and university participants in particular positively affect performance, suggesting knowledge spillovers between project members. Research centres, on the other hand, do not exert positive externalities. We also find that the benefits of collaborating with universities are amplified by their academic quality.     

中外大学生创业教育培养体系的对比研究

英美国家开展大学生创业教育的历史较早,有许多成功经验。文章探讨了英美高校创业教育在专业设置、培养方案、师资队伍建设、实践环节等方面的实践,比较了中外大学生创业教育中的差距,指出了中国高校创业教育存在的问题,希望能为国内开展创业教育提供思路。     

凝聚多学科力量建设高水平研究型大学

交叉学科发展不够、技术平台建设“小而全”、课题组队伍单薄等,是高校科技创新活动中存在的主要问题。针对这些问题建议采取的措施是：大力组织“科技沙龙”;将部分科研实体提升到学校、学科群层面上运作;探索建立符合国情、校情的科技管理机制——协议制,形成围绕重大任务能聚能散的科研团队组织形式。