The use of a Markov model in assessment of alternate faculty personnel policies

This study demonstrates the usefulness of the Markov modeling technique for analysis of alternative faculty personnel policies at a university. The necessary faculty flow model and transition matrix are developed with limited resources and only two years of time-series data. By making adjustments to the input vector (those entering the university) and the transition matrix, faculty personnel policy decisions are simulated and their outcomes, in terms of important faculty characteristics, are determined. Six hiring and retirement policies at a major university are assessed utilizing this procedure. The results that are presented provide an illustration of the nature of the information which can be obtained from this procedure.     

Should Faculty Rank Be Included as a Predictor Variable in Studies of Gender Equity in University Faculty Salaries?

Many different approaches, almost all of which use some form of regression, have been used to study the issue of gender equity in university faculty salaries. One major point of contention in ail of these approaches is whether faculty rank, which is university conferred, should be included as a predictor variable. Two illustrations are presented to demonstrate how omitting faculty rank as a predictor variable from gender equity studies of university faculty salaries can lead to incorrect conclusions concerning gender discrimination. The first illustration uses hypothetical data constructed so that there is no difference in salary due to gender. However, when faculty rank is not included as a predictor variable in the regression model, there is a significant difference in salary due to gender. The second illustration uses actual data from a study of gender equity in pay at Bowling Green State University. This data set is used to construct a new data set that is totally free of gender bias. When a regression model omitting faculty rank is fit to this gender bias-free data, again a significant difference in salary due to gender is present. Therefore, it is recommended that faculty rank be included as a predictor variable in any model used to study gender equity relating to salary.     

Bayesian Inference

A practical situation is used to illustrate how Bayesian inferential procedures can be applied to educational problems. In a comparison of Bayesian and classical approaches to the same problem, it is shown that the formal process involved in Bayesian procedure is different from and more objective than classical procedure.

The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear illustration of the use of Bayesian inferential procedures. To this end, an educational problem is presented and a step-by-step Bayesian solution is provided. It is illustrated that the Bayesians have come up with a cogent technique in situations where the decision-maker is faced with choosing between two alternatives to a problem, one of which must be accepted.     

Modeling Partial Knowledge on Multiple‐Choice Items Using Elimination Testing

Single‐best answers to multiple‐choice items are commonly dichotomized into correct and incorrect responses, and modeled using either a dichotomous item response theory (IRT) model or a polytomous one if differences among all response options are to be retained. The current study presents an alternative IRT‐based modeling approach to multiple‐choice items administered with the procedure of elimination testing, which asks test‐takers to eliminate all the response options they consider to be incorrect. The partial credit model is derived for the obtained responses. By extracting more information pertaining to test‐takers’ partial knowledge on the items, the proposed approach has the advantage of providing more accurate estimation of the latent ability. In addition, it may shed some light on the possible answering processes of test‐takers on the items. As an illustration, the proposed approach is applied to a classroom examination of an undergraduate course in engineering science.     

文化历史情结与民族秘史探寻——陈忠实创作论

新时期当代文坛“新历史主义”小说流派的叙述,主旨是消解社会性、消解意义,总的目的是解构历史。陈忠实《白鹿原》的叙述,主旨在于瓦解掉了权力话语具有决定论色彩的历史观,将历史的各因素看成一种相互影响和塑造的关系,偏重对历史的文化性阐发,并重构了历史过程的状态。     

Assessing functional effectiveness of pictorial representations used in text

Conclusion Recent literature concerning the use of illustrations in text has stressed the need for an assessment of the instructional function being served by the illustration. When an illustration is incorporated into textual matter, it should be serving a specific, pedagogically sound instructional function. Otherwise, the reader probably will not benefit from the illustration’s inclusion in the text; in fact, the reader might be distracted from the text by the illustration, with no cognitive gain being derived from this distraction. Therefore, to the traditional criteria for selection of illustrations used with text must be added the instructional function that is to be served. To determine whether an illustration will serve an intended instructional function effectively, a close examination of both the illustration’s attributes and its relationship to the text must be made. Research has shown that illustrations are composed of a variety of attributes pertaining to physical, instructional, and relational qualities of the illustrations, and that these attributes affect the way in which illustrations can be used as instructional tools. Therefore, the attributes present in an illustration will account in part for its effectiveness in serving an instructional function. The findings of this study suggest that illustrations possessing literal representation are more effective than illustrations possessing analogical representation when the instructional function to be served is identification of properties of phenomenal information, and that illustrations possessing analogical representation are more effective than illustrations possessing literal representation when the instructional function to be served is clarification of nonphenomenal information. Thus, this study is one of many needed to provide a comprehensive analysis of illustrations functioning as instructional supplements to text. Until a thorough understanding of the relationship between attributes and functions of illustrations is achieved, textbooks will in all probability continue to include illustrations which do not fulfill their instructional potential.     

用JAVA语言实现RSA算法

RSA是最广泛的公钥算法，从程序实现的主要思想、算法分析及流程说明、实验环境要求描述、运行和结果、运行效率分析和程序源代码六方面介绍运用java程序实现RSA加密算法，要求输入明的二进制位数不少于1024。     

Technical illustration based on 3D CSG models

Non-photorealistic rendering (NPR) is effective at conveying information, more expressive or more beautiful than its photorealistic counterparts (Lans-down and Schofield, 1995). Technical illustration is a special subset of NPR since both of them share human perception as common driving force. NPR aims at rendering 3D objects to convey engineering informa-tion, and is very popular in engineering drawing. Many researchers had investigated its application for technical illustration. Gooch e…     

Fiester and Morris evaluation model

This article presents a model with a systematic approach to the design of training to keep the goals of an organization at the center of the process. It discusses utilization and continuous evaluation of a variety of steps in the systematic design of training and includes a graphic, which provides a visual of the model. The article also presents an illustration of the process from information gathered from a plastics manufacturing company.     

Required Collaborative Work in Online Courses: A Predictive Modeling Approach

This article describes a predictive model that assesses whether a student will have greater perceived learning in group assignments or in individual work. The model produces correct classifications 87.5% of the time. The research is notable in that it is the first in the education literature to adopt a predictive modeling methodology using data collected via a designed experiment. All subjects experienced both a collaborative and an individual assignment, thus mitigating uncontrolled external factors in the measurement of differences in perceived learning. The exploratory nature of the work prompted the use of Partial Least Squares Regression for estimation. The work serves as an illustration of how predictive modeling might enlighten those in educational and academic settings.     

Reading Comprehension among College Students

The present research investigated whether an illustration and/or a warning could help students to (a) build a situational model of the problem situation and (b) solve problematic word problems (P-items) that require realistic thinking more realistically. In 2 similar studies conducted in Turkey and Belgium, the authors presented 10- to 11-year-old children with several P-items. These problems were accompanied with an illustration that depicted the problem situation and/or a warning that alerted that some items may be nonstandard. Contrary to the authors’ expectation, findings from both studies showed that neither the illustration nor the warning, or even the combination of both manipulations, had a positive impact on the number of realistic reactions.     

Research into the School as an Organization. II: The School as a Complex Organization

Berg, G. & Wallin, E. 1982. Research into the School as an Organization. II: The School as a Complex Organization. Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 26, 161‐181. This article starts by examining the development of general organization theory, then proposes an overall organization model for analysing the school. A distinction is made between the school as an institution and the school as an organization, the latter defined as a function of the control emanating from the societal and the ‘actor’ level. A set of conceptual tools believed to describe and analyse the school as an organization is outlined. In the latter part of the article an illustration of how the theoretical discussion can be applied to practical situations is given, firstly by an analysis of a case study and secondly by giving examples of factors worth taking into account in concrete analyses of the organizational structures of schools.     

构建课程位动态平衡模型——分析课程与知识、学生、社会关系的新视角

课程受学生、知识、社会三者的制约,处于三者的角力场内。这三者的力量对比决定着课程在此系统内的位置和课程的内部因素。针对学生、知识、社会三者作分析,通过讨论课程角力论、三角形制约模型,构建课程位动态平衡模型,并用以审视各种课程观。     

What animated illustrations conditions can improve technical document comprehension in young students? Format, signaling and control of the presentation

We study the comprehension of a multimedia technical document about gear functioning by young pupils. The research is focused on the effect of three factors on the construction of a mental model: illustration format (animated versus static) signaling cues (presence versus absence) learner-control of information delivery (three rhythms of presentation: speed, slow and self-controlled). The experimental procedure, conducted with 123 children, follows three phases: pre-test, individual passation of the lesson, comprehension test, delayed post-test. The goal of the pre-test is the evaluation of prior knowledge about gears, but also the control of spatial and verbal working memory aptitude and reading performance. The results show an effect of the animated format, of signaling cues and of the rhythm on the immediate comprehension test and delayed test. For the immediate comprehension test, these effects are different according to the kind of comprehension question (recall, transfer, explanation). These effects are maintained at the delayed post-test, for the self-controlled condition and for the pupils with low prior knowledge. The factor information delivery rhythm shows an effect for the delayed post-test. Our observation device of the behaviour of the child during the lesson was specially designed to explore the reading strategies between the medias.     

英语学习词典词类与插图分类倾向性研究初探

释义是词典最基本也是最重要的内容之一。插图作为词典释义手段之一,是对释义形象的展示与辅助。插图有着不同的分类,不同词类所采用的插图分类也有所不同,插图分类直接影响着插图释义的效果。文章以五大英语学习词典中的插图为研究对象,对其中词类与插图分类的倾向性进行研究,研究结果有助于词典编撰和英语词汇教学。     

Longitudinal Analysis of Early Mathematics Learning

The trend in mathematics achievement from preschool to kindergarten is studied with a longitudinal growth item response theory model. The three measurement occasions included the spring of preschool and the spring and fall of kindergarten. The growth trend was nonlinear, with a steep drop between spring of preschool and fall of kindergarten. The modeling results provide validation for the argument that a classroom assessment in mathematics can be used to assess developmental skill levels that are consistent with a theory of early mathematics acquisition. The statistical model employed enables an effective illustration of overall gains and individual variability. Implications of the summer loss are discussed as well as model limitations.     

基于模糊观测数据的RBF神经网络回归模型

提出了一种基于模糊观测数据的RBF神经网络（FORBFNN）,用于解决一类输出不可精确测量但可用模糊隶属度来表征的非线性系统建模问题．神经网络模型中各隐层神经单元的权重系数采用一种新的模糊EM算法辨识获得;隐层神经单元的数量及径向基函数的中心和宽度基于一种数据驱动的方法自适应确定,即首先初始生成一个隐层单元,然后根据一定的规则逐步加入新的单元,该过程不断迭代直到模型满足预设要求．该方法同时考虑了模型的复杂度及预测精度．数值模拟实验结果表明该建模方法是有效的,且建立的模型具有较高的预测精度．     

Obtaining consumer feedback as a means of evaluating school psychology intern performance

A systematic procedure for gathering accountability data on interns is described. The consumer feedback system for interns was used to supplement other accountability procedures already in place in the internship. The system involved soliciting feedback, through a questionnaire, from teachers, parents, and students with whom interns worked. The development, implementation, and utilization of such a system are explained, and the drawbacks of consumer satisfaction methods are explored. The benefits of this system to interns and trainers are presented. An illustration is provided to show how group and individual intern data can be used to improve skill development during the internship experience.     

借鉴国外经验 构建中国养老模式

21世纪我国人口迅速老龄化,但养老模式存在较大缺陷。综合考虑我国养老的经济实力、人力资源、文化传统及亲情、空间、服务和需求等一系列因素,借鉴国外的先进经验,我国应构建居家养老为基础、社区养老为依托、机构养老为补充的运转协调、服务高效的新型老年社会福利服务体系和养老服务模式。