The Effects of Systemic Family Violence on Children's Mental Health

This study examines the link between different forms of family aggression and children's symptoms of psychopathology. The goal of the study was to understand what forms children's problems might take in violent homes and whether close ties within the family (to the mother or a sibling) buffered children. Interviews with 365 mothers and 1 of their children between the ages of 6 and 12 about abuse in the home, support and closeness within the nuclear family, and mother's and children's mental health formed the basis of this study. Families were recruited from battered women's shelters and the community. We found that different forms of abuse in the home were highly interrelated and that children of battered women were at risk for child abuse. Domestic violence predicted children's general psychopathology, but we uncovered little evidence for the presence of specific sorts of disorders as a result of family dysfunction. Although mothers experiencing conjugal violence were more likely to have mental health problems, their mental health did not mediate the children's response to family conflict. Finally, there was less sibling and parental warmth in families marked by aggression, although when it was present, family social support failed to buffer children. Although the general pattern of results was consistent across respondents (mother and child), there was low agreement on symptoms of child psychopathology.     

The Relationship between Fathers' and Children's Communication Skills and Children's Behavior Problems: A Study of Head Start Children

This study focused on the communicative interaction of fathers with their Head Start children and the relationship of fathers' and children's communicative skills and child behavior problems early and late in the school year. The results indicate a relationship between children's communicative competence and social behavior. The structural models for externalizing and internalizing behavior confirm the hypothesis that father communication is linked to child communication skills and child communication is linked to behavior problems. The findings also suggest that children's communicative competence may have an ongoing direct effect on children's social behavior that transcends the impact that earlier social behavior has on later social behavior.     

Biological Sensitivity to the Effects of Maternal Postpartum Depressive Symptoms on Children's Behavior Problems

Resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) may confer infant susceptibility to the postpartum environment. Among infants with higher RSA, there may be a positive relation between depressive symptoms across the first 6 months postpartum (PPD) and later behavior problems, and toddlers’ dysregulation during mother–child interactions may partially explain the effects. Among a sample of low-income Mexican-American families, infant RSA (N = 322; 46% male) was assessed at 6 weeks of age; mothers (M_age = 27.8, SD = 6.5) reported PPD symptoms every 3 weeks from 6 to 24 weeks and infant behavior problems at 36 months. Dysregulation was observed at 24 months. PPD was positively associated with behavior problems only among infants with lower RSA; however, this relation was not mediated by dysregulation.     

声誉对幼儿违规行为的影响初探

本研究采用抵制诱惑情境的实验范式,考察了声誉对大班幼儿违规行为的影响。研究发现,声誉组被试较之无声誉组违规行为发生率显著降低,而来自同伴、现任教师和离任教师的声誉评价对幼儿违规行为的影响程度无显著差异。研究结果表明,声誉显著地影响了大班幼儿的违规行为,幼儿已经开始重视自己的声誉并通过减少或延迟违规行为来维护自己在同伴、教师心目中的良好声誉。     

Family Conflict and Children's Behavior Problems: The Moderating Role of Child Temperament

Child temperament was examined as a moderator of the link between family conflict and child behavior problems. Temperament assessed in early childhood was used to predict the relation between family conflict and externalizing behavior problems measured during the early elementary school years. For children with difficult temperament, a strong association between subsequent family conflict and behavioral adjustment was predicted; for children with easy or intermediate temperaments, low to moderate associations were predicted. These hypotheses were tested across 3 temperament groups (easy, intermediate, and difficult). Data were collected from 108 children and families participating in the Fullerton Longitudinal Study at ages 3 through 10 years. Consistent with the hypotheses, the data provided support for the moderating role of temperament in predicting the association between family conflict and child externalizing behavior problems. These findings suggest that temperamental difficultness operates as a vulnerability factor with respect to the development of children's behavior problems in families with high conflict.     

儿童分享行为的研究

采用自然观察方法研究某幼儿园75名儿童的分享行为,得出以下结论:在性别方面,男童实施分享行为的频率低于女童;在年龄方面,随着年龄的增长,儿童的分享行为逐渐增加,大多数分享行为发生在教育区域活动中;亲密的朋友和同伴之间更多地产生分享行为。以此,提出培养儿童分享行为的建议。     

Can Ideological Commitment Protect Children's Psychosocial Well-Being in Situations of Political Violence?

The mental health role of ideological commitment (operationalized as glorification of war, patriotic involvement, and defiant attitudes toward the enemy) was studied among 385 Israeli girls and boys (mean age 12 ± 2.50). It was hypothesized that experiences of political hardships do not increase psychosocial problems if children have strong ideological commitment. The hypothesis was conditionally substantiated concerning symptoms of anxiety and insecurity, and depression and feelings of failure. Exposure to political hardships did not increase the presence of these symptoms among children who showed strong ideological commitment. In contrast, among children with weak ideological commitment, exposure increased these symptoms, but not linearily. Furthermore, injury and loss decreased social support if children showed weak ideological commitment. There was also the mediating role of ideological commitment, showing that political hardships increased the ideological commitment that, in turn, was related to a low level of psychosocial problems.     

朝鲜族幼儿环境适应行为的问题及对策

黑龙江省牡丹江市作为朝鲜族的聚居地,生活着众多朝鲜族幼儿,他们的健康成长关系到本地区的人才培养质量,但由于朝鲜族幼儿师资素质不高、教育行政部门管理不力、家长教育观念过于注重智育等原因,使得朝鲜族幼儿在入园适应中存在一些问题,为此,我们可以采取以下措施:(一)内外兼修,提高幼儿教师的专业素质;(二)教育行政部门转变观念,加大培训力度;(三)家长转变观念,正视幼儿入园适应不良问题。     

Effects of Resource Availability on Children's Behavior and Conflict Management

Contextual and interpersonal factors contribute to the nature of children's conflicts. This study examines the effect of resource availability on dyadic interaction of African American 3-5 year-olds in a painting activity that required the resource. Forty-eight, same-sex dyads were videotaped in two resource conditions: a Limited Condition with one brush and one piece of paper and a Plentiful Condition with two brushes and two pieces of paper. The Limited Condition promoted more resource and task conflict, while the Plentiful Condition promoted more nonconflictive social and task interactions. Boys engaged in more resource, while girls engaged in more social behavior. Contingent probability analyses of interactive behavior in the Limited Condition showed that cooperative offers and waits, and competitive grasps were the most successful strategies. The interdependence of children's strategies generated unilateral and mutual oppositions. Mutual goal attainment occurred by sharing the resource and engaging in alternate behavior. Reasons were ineffective. The results underscore the role of resource scarcity and of reciprocal interaction in children's conflicts. Children resolve object conflicts independently and accomplish their goals by influencing and adjusting to their partner's goals. Resource availability and children's conflict management patterns may determine the need for adult intervention.     

学前儿童心理行为问题的成因与应对策略

学前儿童的心理行为问题发生率呈逐年上升趋势,已成为学界和社会的关注热点。儿童行为问题不仅影响到儿童的正常生长发育,更会对其今后的发展乃至社会产生不利影响。对学前儿童的心理行为问题进行分析探索,找出其成因并提出应对策略,为学前儿童心理行为问题的解决提供建议和指导。     

浅谈家庭教育对幼儿行为的影响

低年龄段的幼儿受家庭影响明显,父母的一言一行都会潜移默化地影响其价值观的树立。家庭教育对幼儿行为习惯的培养也有着直接而重要的影响。因此本文主要就家庭教育对幼儿行为的影响进行分析,明确当前幼儿家庭教育中的不足,提出针对性的解决策略,为幼儿的健康成长和良好行为习惯的培养奠定家庭教育基础。     

家庭暴力基本问题透视

家庭暴力问题是一个长久以来普遍存在的全球性社会问题,二十世纪末期,西方国家一些妇女组织提出这个问题,才得到广泛的关注。到今天,家庭暴力问题已经不再是一个敏感而陌生的话题了。一直以来,家庭暴力总是与社会伦理价值观念、思想文化传统等非违法性因素牵扯在一起,掩盖了其违法性乃至犯罪性,成为法律使命和人权保护触及不够的问题。出于对此问题的关注以及对家庭暴力犯罪研究的需要,本文试对家庭暴力的一些基本问题加以阐释。     

儿童社交退缩行为述评

社交退缩行为影响儿童中后期的心理适应。社交退缩一般分为安静退缩、活跃退缩和焦虑退缩三类。社交退缩的干预主要沿着三个方向：儿童的社会技能训练、儿童的社会认知干预和改善儿童的同伴关系。     

学龄前流动儿童行为问题与父母婚姻质量研究

考察学龄前流动儿童行为问题的现状及其与父母婚姻质量的关系。方法:采用Rutter儿童行为问卷和Olson婚姻质量问卷对学龄前流动儿童及其父母进行了测查。结果:(1)学龄前流动儿童行为问题的检出率为32.6%;(2)行为问题组和行为正常组儿童的父母婚姻质量在过份理想化、夫妻交流、解决冲突的方式、经济安排、子女和婚姻、与亲友的关系以及角色平等性上都存在显著的差异;(3)学龄前流动儿童行为问题与父母婚姻质量呈显著负相关;夫妻交流、子女和婚姻两个因子对学龄前流动儿童的行为问题具有显著负向预测作用。结论:学龄前流动儿童行为问题与父母婚姻质量之间关系密切,婚姻质量越低,学龄前流动儿童发生行为问题的概率就越高。     

4～5岁儿童行为问题调查及干预研究

行为问题是指在严重程度和持续时问上都超过了相应年龄所允许的正常范围的异常行为,通常包括一些妨碍儿童身心健康发展和良好品德的形成,给家庭、学校、社会带来麻烦的行为。一个人心理上的异常或失调大多源于儿童早期阶段,因此学龄前儿童时期的行为问题不仅会防碍学龄前儿童身心的健康发展,而且有可能影响学龄前儿童的生活和学习等一系列的活动,甚至会延续和发展为成年期的心身障碍或疾病。近年来,     

The Relation between Mothers' Hostile Attribution Tendencies and Children's Externalizing Behavior Problems: The Mediating Role of Mothers' Harsh Discipline Practices

This study examined relations among mothers' hostile attribution tendencies regarding their children's ambiguous problem behaviors, mothers' harsh discipline practices, and children's externalizing behavior problems. A community sample of 277 families (19% minority representation) living in three geographic regions of the United States was followed for over 4 years. Mothers' hostile attribution tendencies were assessed during the summer prior to children's entry into kindergarten through their responses to written vignettes. Mothers' harsh discipline practices were assessed concurrently through ratings by interviewers and reports by spouses. Children's externalizing behavior problems were assessed concurrently through written questionnaires by mothers and fathers and in the spring of kindergarten and first, second, and third grades through reports by teachers and peer sociometric nominations. Results of structural equations models demonstrated that mothers' hostile attribution tendencies predicted children's future externalizing behavior problems at school and that a large proportion of this relation was mediated by mothers' harsh discipline practices. These results remained virtually unchanged when controlling for initial levels of children's prekindergarten externalizing behavior problems at home.     

道德自我认同、自尊和网络匿名性对网络利他行为的影响:一个有调节的中介模型

为探讨道德自我认同对网络利他行为的影响机制,采用网络利他行为问卷、道德自我认同问卷、自尊量表以及感知匿名性问卷对704名大学生进行问卷调查。结果发现:(1)道德自我认同能够显著预测网络利他行为;(2)自尊在道德自我认同对网络利他行为的影响中起部分中介作用;(3)网络匿名性能够调节道德自我认同经由自尊影响网络利他行为的直接路径。本研究结果揭示了道德自我认同对网络利他行为的影响及其作用机制,为有效促进大学生的网络利他行为提供有益的理论指导。     

Early Parenting and the Development of Externalizing Behavior Problems: Longitudinal Mediation Through Children's Executive Function

Path analysis was used to investigate the longitudinal associations among parenting and children's executive function and externalizing behavior problems from 36 to 90 months of age in the Family Life Project (N = 1,115), a study of child development in the context of rural poverty. While controlling for stability in the constructs, semistructured observations of parenting prospectively predicted performance on a battery of executive function tasks and primary caregivers' reports of externalizing behavior. Furthermore, the association between early parenting and later externalizing behavior was longitudinally mediated by executive function, providing support for a process model in which sensitive parenting promotes children's self‐regulation, which in turn reduces children's externalizing behavior.     

金融化积累机制的政治经济学考察

金融化的快速发展促进了社会范围内货币资本化和资本虚拟化进程,使得积累得以在不同资本形式上进行,从而形成与金融化相适应的积累机制。在金融化积累机制的作用下,社会积累过程伴随着社会范围内的货币资本和虚拟资本的积累。金融化积累机制包含深刻矛盾,具有内在不稳定性,这不仅会造成积累的障碍,而且会引起经济金融的波动和危机。     

学生行为引导中的榜样问题

儿童和少年在成长过程中易受榜样的影响。榜样是个中性概念。文章着重论述如何关注学生对榜样的选择和有效地引导学生向值得效法的榜样学习。