词汇测试的研究及对词汇教学的启示

对于什么是词和词汇知识,语言学家和词汇测试研究者有着不同的分类,也赋予了不同的术语.20世纪80年代以来,国外许多专家对英语词汇知识的广度测试和深度测试进行了研究,取得了丰硕的成果.这些成果使我们在英语词汇测试的研究与词汇教学的探讨中得到了启示.     

Answer Changing on Objective Tests

Abstract

In an attempt to identify some of the causes of answer changing behavior, the effects of four tests and item specific variables were evaluated. Three samples of New Zealand school children of different ages were administered tests of study skills. The number of answer changes per item was compared with the position of each item in a group of items, the position of each item in the test, the discrimination index and the difficulty index of each item. It is shown that answer changes were more likely to be made on items occurring early in a group of items and toward the end of a test. There was also a tendency for difficult items and items with poor discriminations to be changed more frequently. Some implications of answer changing in the design of tests are discussed.     

Standardized Vocabulary and Sentence Tests in French

Abstract

Data were collected from instruments administered to 195 teachers randomly selected from four Illinois school systems.

Significant coefficients of correlation were found between teacher participation In curriculum making; and Implementation (.671) (P .01); classroom teacher Influence and Implementation (.272) (P .01); functional type Influence and Implementation (?.374) (P .01); and hierarchical type Influence and Implementation (?.232) (P .05). Significant multiple coefficients of correlation were found between three source variables (administrators, classroom teacher, and professional consultant) and Implementation (.355) (P .01); and between three types of Influence variables (charismatic, functional, and hierarchical) and implementation (.489) (P .001).

Teacher participation In curriculum making Irrespective of perceived Influences Increases the likelihood of Implementation. The perception that teachers are Influential Increases the likelihood of implementation.     

Models of Vocabulary Acquisition: Direct Tests and Text-Derived Simulations of Vocabulary Growth

Determining word meanings that ought to be taught or introduced is important for educators. A sequence for vocabulary growth can be inferred from many sources, including testing children’s knowledge of word meanings at various ages, predicting from print frequency, or adult-recalled Age of Acquisition. A new approach, Word Maturity, is based on applying Latent Semantic Analysis to patterns of word occurrences in texts used with children. This article reports substantial correlations in the .67 to .74 range between Word Maturity estimates and the ages of acquiring word meanings from two studies of children’s knowledge of word meanings, controlling for homographs. The agreement among these markedly different methods for determining when word meanings are understood opens up new research avenues. In addition, we have found that print frequency is associated with Word Maturity and tested knowledge of word meanings and that understanding concrete meanings required less print frequency exposure than verbally defined meanings.     

变论域模糊自适应PID控制

模糊自适应PID控制器具有PID控制精度高,又具有模糊控制器快速、适应强的特点,工业控制中应用广泛.但是传统的模糊控制精度低,常常影响模糊自适应PID控制效果.因此,通过改变模糊输入和输出变量的论域,提出了一种基于新型伸缩因子的变论域模糊自适应PID控制方法.该方法以简单函数作为伸缩因子,简单方便,计算量小,并给出其严格性证明.仿真结果显示,该方法超调量小,控制精度高,控制效果明显好于模糊自适应PID控制器.     

Some Problems of Sampling in Vocabulary Tests

An investigation of the relationship between gain in attitude toward and increases in knowledge of educational research was conducted. In addition, a comparison of two instructional styles was made. Preservice social studies teachers were randomly assigned to either an Individual Workbook or Lecture Workbook treatment. Two attitude measures were given before and after each ten week treatment. A knowledge measure was given as a final examination. Because of loss of one subject from each treatment and the small number of subjects, there were initial differences between treatment groups. Therefore, analysis of covariance tests were used. No significant differences between treatments were found. The results for the major question of the study indicated that increases in research knowledge did not result in gains in attitude toward educational research.     

漫谈二语习得研究中的词汇测试

从二语习得研究的角度介绍了几种常见的、有影响力的外语词汇测试形式 ,目的是找出一种方式对众多的词汇测试进行分析和归类。Read&Chapelle的理论框架为众多的词汇测试提供了一个界定性质的可能     

A Simple Answer to a Simple Question on Changing Answers

In an article in the Winter 2011 issue of the Journal of Educational Measurement, van der Linden, Jeon, and Ferrara suggested that “test takers should trust their initial instincts and retain their initial responses when they have the opportunity to review test items.” They presented a complex IRT model that appeared to show that students would be worse off by changing answers. As noted in a subsequent erratum, this conclusion was based on flawed data, and that the correct data could not be analyzed by their method because the model failed to converge. This left their basic question on the value of answer changing unanswered. A much more direct approach is to simply count the number of examinees whose scores after an opportunity to change answers are higher, lower, or the same as their initial scores. Using the same data set as the original article, an overwhelming majority of the students received higher scores after the opportunity to change answers.     

浅析英语词汇的时代色彩

在语言三要素中,词汇是最敏感、最具活性的部分。社会文化的变迁,直接、快速地在词汇中得到反映。尤其是在世界局势急剧演化的转型时代,新词汇的涌现、旧词汇的消失或内涵变换尤为频繁。通过现代英语词汇的变化,可以透视人们现时的生活追求和审美情趣,可以折射出一个民族的社会心理和价值取向。英语学习者须与时俱进,才不致为社会所淘汰。     

从品牌经营角度看改版现象——对《东方时空》改版的个案分析

千年之交，广电节目改版热闹一时，现在已尘埃落定。文章试从品牌经营角度，以《东方时空》为个案，对这一现象进行透视。分析中发现：改版后的《东方时空》，一、品牌形象模糊，二、品牌个性失去鲜明性，三、品牌系统结构有待进一步优化。由此，可得出这样的结论：在改版过程中，首先，必须树立“品牌就是产品”的观念；其次，要慎用品牌延伸策略。     

关于英语词汇测试中提供语境因素的思考

本文探讨了语境因素在英语词汇测试中的重要性,从掌握词汇的标准出发,对比了离散性方法和综合型方法的反拨作用,及反映在信度和效度上的矛盾.在此基础上,本文分析了语境在词汇测试中的作用,并介绍了两种尝试将语境和词汇有机结合的方法.     

ESA模式在高中英语词汇复习教学中的应用

通过对新课标下高三词汇复习教学中存在问题的分析,将ESA模式运用于高三英语词汇复习教学的实践中,改变英语词汇教学的传统模式,使学生成为学习的主体,激发学生学习词汇的兴趣,提高综合应用语言的能力.     

An Evaluative Framework for Reviewing Fairness Standards and Practices in Educational Tests

One of the substantive changes in the 2014 Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing was the elevation of fairness in testing as a foundational element of practice in addition to validity and reliability. Previous research indicates that testing practices often do not align with professional standards and guidelines. Therefore, to raise awareness of fairness concepts and principles from the 2014 Standards, this study aligned those standards with fairness practices, as documented in test manuals and on websites of 18 intelligence and achievement tests from different test publishers. A content analysis indicated that just under half of the fairness standards are frequently or occasionally practiced and those occurrences differed somewhat across tests but did not differ between intelligence and achievement tests or across publishers. To inform and encourage improvements in the future practice of the fairness standards, an evaluative framework along with example practices and related methodological scholarship is discussed.     

Reasons for Changing Answers: An Evaluation Using Personal Interviews

Researchers investigating answer changing have consistently found the preponderance of changes on objective items to be from wrong to right, but little is understood about the mechanisms involved in this phenomenon. In this study, personal interviews were combined with instruction in answer-changing research to investigate further the processes involved in answer changing. Students changed answers and gained from changing, with those in the upper two thirds of the classes gaining the most. Each test-taking strategy produced a mean gain, but particular strategies were not significantly correlated with percentage of gain or percentage of change. Most students reported changing answers for thoughtful reasons such as rereading, rethinking, or remembering more information; very few changes were due to clerical errors. For each reason, most changes were wrong-to-right. We conclude that reconsideration of test items is probably underestimated in answer-changing studies. The role of memory should be considered in why people change and in how successful they judge their changing to have been.     

Limiting Answer Review and Change on Computerized Adaptive Vocabulary Tests: Psychometric and Attitudinal Results

Previous simulation studies of computerized adaptive tests (CATs) have revealed that the validity and precision of proficiency estimates can be maintained when review opportunities are limited to items within successive blocks. Our purpose in this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of CATs with such restricted review options in a live testing setting. Vocabulary CATs were compared under four conditions: (a) no item review allowed, (b) review allowed only within successive 5-item blocks, (c) review allowed only within successive lO-item blocks, and (d) review allowed only after answering all 40 items. Results revealed no trust-worthy differences among conditions in vocabulary proficiency estimates, measurement error, or testing time. Within each review condition, ability estimates and number correct scores increased slightly after review, more answers were changed from wrong to right than from right to wrong, most examinees who changed answers improved proficiency estimates by doing so, and nearly all examinees indicated that they had an adequate opportunity to review their previous answers. These results suggest that restricting review opportunities on CATs may provide a viable way to satisfy examinee desires, maintain validity and measurement precision, and keep testing time at acceptable levels.     

从联想测试看高职英语词汇教学

词汇联想测试作为一种研究手段,能有效揭示第二语言心理词库的结构特点。该文通过词汇自由联想测试调查了高职非英语专业学生的二语心理词汇之间的联系。结果表明,受试的二语心理词汇是以词形反应为主,语义反应还没有占据主体地位。该文同时探讨了此研究对高职英语词汇教学的启示。     

An Experiment with Multiple Choice Vocabulary Tests Constructed by two Different Procedures

Marsh and Hau (1996) based the assertion that parsimony is not always desirable when assessing model fit on a particular counterexample drawn from Marsh's previous research. This counterexample is neither general nor valid enough to support such a thesis. More specifically, the counterexample signals an oversight of extant, stochastic models justifying correlated uniquenesses, namely, moving-average and autoregressive moving-average models. Such models provide theoretically plausible motives for a priori specification of error correlations. In fact, when uniquenesses are correlated, stochastic models other than the conventional simplex and quasi-simplex models must be tested before positive identification of the process is possible (Sivo, 1997). In short, exchanging the mechanistic penalties for model complexity for the mechanistic specification of untenable measurement-error covariances offers no solution. Parsimony has not been dismissed based on the argument Marsh and Hau presented concerning longitudinal data.     

A Closer Look at Using Judgments of Item Difficulty to Change Answers on Computerized Adaptive Tests

Recent studies have shown that restricting review and answer change opportunities on computerized adaptive tests (CATs) to items within successive blocks reduces time spent in review, satisfies most examinees' desires for review, and controls against distortion in proficiency estimates resulting from intentional incorrect answering of items prior to review. However, restricting review opportunities on CATs may not prevent examinees from artificially raising proficiency estimates by using judgments of item difficulty to signal when to change previous answers. We evaluated six strategies for using item difficulty judgments to change answers on CATs and compared the results to those from examinees reviewing and changing answers in the usual manner. The strategy conditions varied in terms of when examinees were prompted to consider changing answers and in the information provided about the consistency of the item selection algorithm. We found that examinees fared best on average when they reviewed and changed answers in the usual manner. The best gaming strategy was one in which the examinees knew something about the consistency of the item selection algorithm and were prompted to change responses only when they were unsure about answer correctness and sure about their item difficulty judgments. However, even this strategy did not produce a mean gain in proficiency estimates.     

浅议词汇知识扩展策略

本文以词汇语用学等研究成果为理论依据,提出词汇习得需要掌握完备的知识,包括词形、发音、意义、搭配、用法、联想等各方面知识。因此,学习者应运用多种词汇学习策略,提高词汇学习效率,扩大词汇量,同时提高词汇知识深度,并且结合词汇运用,通过语境阅读、口语交际、写作等训练,加深、扩展词汇知识,同时训练用外语听、说、读、写的能力,有效达到语言习得的目标。     

从英语发展的历史看英语词汇的开放性

从古英语，中古英语到现代英语，英语发展的每一个阶段无不烙上了时代的痕迹．英语不断地从各民族中扩充词汇不断丰富发展、英语词汇的开放性还体现在它的区域性变体上，英国英语、美国英语、加拿大英语、澳大利亚英语等等各有其不同的风格中国英语作为英语的一种地域性变体，也必将得到广泛的认同。