20世纪以来美国农村学校合并历程及其影响因素研究

在不同历史时期的政治、经济、社会、人口、教育改革等影响因素的作用下,美国长达百余年的农村学校合并呈现出明显的阶段性特征。根据合并特点及合并幅度、规模,可将美国百余年的农村学校合并大致划分为五个阶段：（1）1900-1920年,初步展开阶段;（2）1921-1957年,加速阶段;（3）1958-1970年,高潮阶段;（4）1970-1983年,总体停滞阶段;（5）1983年至今,区域性合并阶段。     

我国“撤点并校”政策的出路——基于中美学校合并经验的比较研究

2012年9月我国实施十余年的"撤点并校"政策被叫停,乡村学校合并运动进入一个停滞时期。但农村教育问题并没有得到解决,随着工业化和城市化的进一步发展,这个问题将会变得越来越复杂。因此,为"撤点并校"政策寻求出路,提出更加合理和完备的建议就变得尤为重要。通过对美国乡村学校合并运动发展历程的梳理,认为合理的"撤点并校"需要我们正确认识学校合并现象,因地制宜、实事求是的推进,提供法律保障以及加大财政投入。     

美国农村学校合并的历程、问题及启示

美国农村学校合并的历程大致可分为:起步、高潮、衰退和小规模学校发展四个阶段的流变。在深入剖析美国农村学校合并中存在的问题的基础上,我们可借鉴以下经验:从乡村建设的高度,慎重对待农村学校布局调整;考虑每一所学校的实际,撤点并校切忌搞一刀;持续加大对必须保留的农村小规模学校的经费投入,扶持其健康发展;采用多种措施,提高农村小规模学校教师的素质,提高办学质量,从源头上促进义务教育均衡发展。     

美国农村中小学合并程序评析

为了保证农村学校或学区合并的顺利进行,美国大多数州都会以法令的形式加强对农村学校合并过程的控制,并按照规定的公正性程序推进农村中小学合并,即初步考虑-可行性研究-向公众宣传-评估公众支持-合并正式实施。美国通过构建农村中小学合并决策的公正性程序,科学地制定合并程序的指导方针,力图确保合并决策过程的理性化运作。目前,我国还缺少农村中小学合并决策的法律依据,因此,需要根据美国的经验,结合我国实际,构建公正性的农村中小学合并程序。     

让“撤点并校”少走弯路——中美农村学校合并的比较及其启示

中美两国的农村学校合并运动虽然不在同一个时期,但却有着许多共同点：提高农村教育水平是学校合并运动的第一宗旨;完善的制度保障是学校合并运动的必不可少的条件;农村学校合并运动是一个逐步探索的过程。我们应该借鉴美国经验,让＂撤点并校＂合理前行：为学校配备校车是政府应提供的免费配套服务之一;建设寄宿制学校应吸引多方力量共同合作;闲置的校舍可以作为村里的文化交流中心。     

从"规模效益"到"机会均等":二战后美国推进城乡教育和谐发展的路径选择

二战后,美国普及教育阶段的城乡差距和种族歧视依然严重.为了应对这一挑战,美国掀起了农村"学校合并"的运动高潮,大规模合并农村学校,重组学区,提升农村学校的"规模效益"、学术内涵和教育质量.20世纪60年代,在教育机会均等理论思潮的影响下,美国农村普及教育在价值取向上发生了转折,开始追求城乡各类学校学生的教育机会均等,从而步入"多元均等"的发展路径.     

韩国农村教育政策的嬗变与评析

为应对不断变化发展的经济社会的新需求、新矛盾,韩国政府进行调整、改革的农村教育政策取得了积极成效。回顾韩国农村教育政策的嬗变过程主要经历了三个历史阶段,即扩大农村学生受教育机会平等时期;推进农村小规模学校合并时期;全面提高农村教育质量时期。[1]研析韩国农村教育政策历史发展及特点,总结可供我国农村教育发展提供有益参考的经验与教训。     

美国农村学校文化的发展历程及启示

美国农村学校文化伴随着美国农村学校合并运动的兴起变化而逐渐发展与丰富,其经历了初步融合阶段、稳步繁荣阶段、反躬自省阶段和百花齐放阶段。在发展过程中逐渐形成强制—融合模式、温和—渗透模式、鼓励—革新模式、小规模—多元化模式,折射出导向与选择并用、融合与独特并存、现代与乡土并行等特点,对我国当前城乡教育一体化背景下农村学校文化的发展具有一定借鉴意义。     

美国现代教育管理思想的基本特征及其中国化问题

美国现代教育管理思想的发展大约分为五个阶段:科学管理时期(1910-1930's)、民主管理时期(1930's-1954)、理论运动时期(1954-1970's)、开放系统时期(1970's-1990's)和后现代时期(1980's至今),并分别以“效率”、“民主”、“理论化”、“开放系统”和“后现代主义”为基本特征。因此,引进和借鉴美国现代教育思想首先要了解文化背景,对各种理论流派正本清源,这样才能促进我国的教育管理理论的发展。     

简析美国基础教育的“重建教育结构运动”

美国的基础教育正在开始一个漫长的恢复时期。自1983年以来,美国的教育改革通常被分为两个阶段。第一阶段指的是从1983—1986年期间,改革主要目标是强调达到最基本的合格水准。如果取得中学毕业文凭的     

美国农村小规模学校运动及其对我国的启示

20世纪70年代以来,针对农村学校合并所带来的各种问题,以及考虑到农村小学校所具有的一些优势,美国政府开始通过提供资金支持、加强教师队伍建设和学校合作等措施来扶持一些需要保留的农村小规模学校,取得了积极的效果。借鉴美国相关的经验,我国应该在正确认识农村小学校作用的基础上,合理把握农村小学校恢复与保留的原则,为农村小学校提供充足的经费支持和加强教师队伍建设,以及加强农村小学校之间的合作等,以满足农村学生的教育需求。     

The effects of school board consolidation and financing on student performance

Over the last 20 years, states and provinces have become increasingly involved in the financing and administration of elementary and secondary education. Local school boards, however, still retain control over key aspects of the provision of education. Historically, these boards were organized at the community level so as to meet the wants of the local community. Today, states and provinces have become more interested in consolidating school boards and moving to a more centralized funding scheme. Do these changes result in improved student achievement? This paper attempts to answer these questions by examining the school board consolidation and funding changes instituted by the province of Ontario. We differentiate the effects of the policy changes based on observed differences in the school boards prior to consolidation. We show that students in previously high wealth school boards perform worse after the policy change compared to students in previously low wealth school boards.     

农村学校撤并对学生上学距离的影响——基于GIS和Ordinal Logit模型的分析

农村义务教育学校布局调整是以撤并小规模学校为主要手段,旨在促进教育资源均衡配置的一项重大教育政策。通过广东省某山区县2003—2009年的学校布局规划数据,从物理距离、时间距离和文化距离的分类视角,运用GIS技术和Ordinal Logit模型分析农村学校撤并对学生上学距离产生的直接影响。研究结果表明:撤并农村学校导致学生上学的物理距离和时间距离增加,偏远学生上学难问题凸显;对学生的文化距离同样产生显著的负面影响。在未来学校布局调整的进程中,县域教育决策者应将关注点从一味追求规模效益转移到教育公平和教育质量上来。要保证农村学生就近入学,设定上学距离的限制;促进学校间教育资源的均衡配置,保证所有学生享受同等质量的教育资源;采用科学的规划程序完善布局调整政策的实施。     

我国学校体育思想发展阶段的走势研究

通过对中国学校体育思想百年发展历史的探寻,揭示了我国学校体育思想发展演变过程中的5个主要阶段及每一阶段的强烈时代性和社会性.最后从历史的眼光,提出了当前和今后一段时期搞好我国学校体育教育的总体思路。     

The implications of changing educational and family circumstances for children's grade progression in rural Pakistan: 1997–2004

We assess factors affecting primary and middle school dropout in rural Punjab and NorthWest Frontier Province over 6 years (1997–2004). These data are unique in a developing-country setting in longitudinally tracking changes in both school and household environments. While grade retention has improved, girls’ dropout rates remain fairly high. Results suggest the importance of both household and school factors. For girls, arrival in the family of an unwanted birth in the last 6 years and enrollment in a government (not private) primary school significantly increase the likelihood of dropout, whereas availability of post-primary schooling, having a mother who attended school, and living in a better-off household reduce the probability of dropout. For boys, school quality, measured by the percent of residential teachers in the primary school, and living in a more developed community significantly reduce the probability of dropping out; loss of household remittances significantly increases the likelihood of dropout.     

Micropolitics and Rural School Consolidation: The Quest for Equal Educational Opportunity in Webster Parish

School consolidation in rural districts has been ongoing since the 1800s. Although many district personnel tout economic inefficiency as a reason for consolidation to occur, micropolitics among school board members, parents, and the business community often drive the consolidation process. This article presents a qualitative case study of Webster Parish, which documents the formulation and implementation of school consolidation policy in a rural context. On a macrolevel, I examine the role of micropolitics among district personnel in making the decision to consolidate. I also investigate the role of parish stakeholders—generally the business community and parents—in implementing the plan. On a microlevel, I explore the underlying themes of poverty, race, and educational opportunity as Webster Parish develops and implements a school consolidation plan. I find in the case of Webster Parish that strained community relations and micropolitics among parish stakeholders impeded the progress of providing equal educational opportunity to the parish's students. Given that many cases of micropolitics and education reform focus on urban districts, I find that it is significant to examine the role of micropolitics in educational change (or lack thereof) taking place in segregated, rural districts.     

The students-recruiting-students undergraduate engineering recruiting programme

The students-recruiting-students (SRS) programme is an outreach programme developed to recruit high school students into the Industrial Engineering Department at the University of Arkansas. The four phases of this programme from development to on-campus, off-campus and post-admission recruiting are detailed in this paper along with 7 years of programmatic results. The goals of this paper are to introduce the SRS concept, encourage successful development of similar recruiting programmes and increase freshman enrolment in engineering. The SRS programme has more than doubled the department's freshman enrolment over the last 8 years.     

School Closure: What are the consequences for the local society?

School closures have been common in rural areas since the middle of the last century, when new and modern schools replaced small old‐fashioned schools with only one or two classrooms. Due mainly to the industrialisation of farming and hastened by the merging and globalisation of industry, the last 50 years have seen a migration of people from rural areas to large towns. This has caused closures of schools built in the 1950s and 1960s, which had been the pride of and a sign of development in local societies. These closures most often give rise to heated debate, the main cry of protest being that the closure of the school is a death‐blow to the local society. The present study is based on a qualitative analysis performed in 2003 of 30 Danish school closures in the period 1990–1999. The results show that school closure in itself does not have the devastating effects mentioned in the debate. The main problem for local societies is a lack of people and thus lack of human capital, and in remote areas and on small islands school closure is a sign of a community in the final phase of the death process, not a cause.     

学校布局调整背景下农村教学点撤并的影响因素分析——区位理论的视角

农村学校布局调整为促进教育资源的集中和均衡发挥了重要作用。但在该项政策执行过程中,部分地方政府一刀切式地撤销农村教学点,导致偏远农村学生上学远、上学难,这有悖于教育公平。因此,农村教学点撤并问题的复杂性有待进一步论证和厘清。而区位理论与学校区位布局的关系表明,农村教学点撤并的影响因素与农村社会的整体发展相统一。这使得在农村教学点撤并的过程中要做到尊重各地区的自然地理特征、满足区域经济社会文化发展的需要、关注人口分布及未来变动趋势、综合考虑学生的上学距离和受教育状况等方面,只有这样才能构建出更合理的农村学校布局。