中外优秀男子短跑运动员各指标的比较研究

通过对中外100m短跑优秀运动员的运动指标进行差异比较、偏相关分析及有关研究的综述发现:运动指标对100m跑成绩影响程度依次排序:相对步幅—相对步频—步幅—步频—身高;中国优秀运动员与国外优秀运动员成绩有显著性差异,步频和相对步频比国外优秀运动员快但无显著差异,身高比无差异,国外优秀运动员的步幅和相对步幅比国内的大并有显著性差异。     

从影响跑速的因素分析我国男子100m跑成绩滞后原因

通过文献资料法收集国内外优秀男子100m运动员的运动技术参数,并加以统计,从影响跑速的步幅、步频因素对我国男子100m跑运动员成绩滞后的因素进行分析.结果表明:我国100m运动员的步幅能力不足是影响速度能力和成绩提高的主要原因,应在优化步幅、步频关系的基础上,以提高步幅能力为突破口,强调运动员整体训练水平的提高,从而提高最大速度能力和运动水平.     

男子青少年运动员不同年龄阶段100米跑步幅、步频的训练

据研究发现,13岁组的运动员全程最大速度的高峰在30-40米;15岁组的运动员全程最大速度的高峰在40-50米;17岁组的全程最大速度和成人都在50-60米阶段。故可以得知不同年龄阶段(13-17岁)的青少年男子运动员最大速度的能力和保持最大速度及下降图示曲线。进而提出提高步幅、步频的方法。     

怎样评价步频与步幅

在短跑技术教学和训练中,教师不仅需要对运动员的步频和步幅进行测量,更重要的是要对他们步频、步幅进行评价。只有对运动员的步频、步幅进行客观的评价,才能了解运动员的技术特征,发现问题,然后根据运动员的现状,制定训练方案和训练指标,科学安排教学训练。如何评价短跑运动员的步频、步幅能力,现有的教科书缺少这方面知识的介绍。本文在查阅文献资料的基础上,结合多年的教学训练实践经验,总结归纳出几种评价短跑运动员步频。步幅的方法,现介绍如下,以期能对广大基层教练员有所帮助。一、指数法 所谓指数法,是根据人体形态和…     

不同步频和步辐的5km跑过程中运动员心率变化的对比研究

为了观察中长跑运动员长距离跑过程中步频和步幅的变化对身体机能反应的影响，8名运动员在跑台上分别采取主动加大步幅和主动减小步幅而增快步频的跑法，以相同的速度进行了两次5km跑，记录运动员在跑步过程中心率的变化并进行对比。结果显示，在相同速度5km跑的过程中，运动员采取主动减小步幅的跑法，其心率均值显著低于采取主动加大步幅的跑法。提示，长距离跑过程中，运动员采取主动减小步幅，或加大步频的跑法较为省力。     

体院学生百米速度主要因素的研究与统计分析

<正> 一、问题的提出: 众所周知,短跑运动成绩是由于步频、步幅两个主要因素决定的。运动员要想取得预想的成绩,一般不外乎采取三种途径;一是加大步幅,提高步频。二是步幅不变着重加快步频;三是步频不变加大着重步幅,运动员赛跑时所表现的步幅、步频情况,不仅反映了他们的技术特点、素质水平、生理负荷能力,而且和神经类型、体型特征有密切关系。近年来,国外一些专家为提高短跑水平围绕着步频、步幅发表了不少见解,其中多数人对步幅较为重视。就我国短跑运动员来讲,50年代就有步频快的特点:60年代,步频、步幅有同时增长的趋势,100米成绩有所提高,70年代,运动员的步频虽有提高,但步幅却有所下降,100米成绩没有多大进展。从宏     

不同步频和步幅的5km跑过程中运动员心率变化的对比研究

为了观察中长跑运动员长距离跑过程中步频和步幅的变化对身体机能反应的影响,8名运动员在跑台上分别采取主动加大步幅和主动减小步幅而增快步频的跑法,以相同的速度进行了两次5km跑,记录运动员在跑步过程中心率的变化并进行对比。结果显示,在相同速度5km跑的过程中,运动员采取主动减小步幅的跑法,其心率均值显著低于采取主动加大步幅的跑法。提示,长距离跑过程中,运动员采取主动减小步幅,或加大步频的跑法较为省力。     

短跑运动员步频、步幅的评价

步频、步幅是决定跑速的两大因素。不同水平的男、女百米跑运动员在步频、步幅能力上有一定的规律。每一个短跑运动员在步频与步幅的匹配上又带有个性特征。对短跑运动员的步频、步幅的能力作出客观、定量的评价,来剖析运动员的技术特点,这对实施科学训练     

浅谈步频对青少年短跑运动成绩的影响

本文运用文献资料综合法和调查访问法,对短跑运动员步幅的大小和短跑运动成绩的影响进行了研究。分析短跑的技术对成绩的影响和如何解决步幅小的问题进行了阐明。从中发现我国短跑运动员的步幅还处于较落后的状态。原因是一方面部分教练员只能过直观分析认为我国男子100米运动员步频有余,步幅不足;另一方面是决定速度的两个因素没有充分认识。     

世界女子100m跑优秀运动员成绩演变及运动参数模式

对近20年世界女子100m跑成绩演变和1997年田径世锦赛女子100m跑成绩数据(100m各段落跑速、步长、步频、步数)进行了分析，结果认为，世界女子100m短跑优秀运动员成绩近20年稳步提高，平均最高速度的产生段落在50～60m之间，即起跑后6～7s，速度下降发生在90～100m，下降幅度达到6．18％；在冲刺阶段，大部分运动员步幅增大至最高水平，步频和步长呈高度负相关，年龄与步长呈高度正相关，最高速度在很大程度上决定着100m跑成绩。     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。     

上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点探析

本文在专家访谈、问卷调查、数理统计和文献资料分析的基础上,探析了上海社区体育竞赛参与者的特点、参与者对社区体育赛事运作管理的看法等问题。在此基础上从引进社区体育赛事的志愿者、整合社区体育赛事的各种资源、开发社区体育竞赛的无形资产、组建非营利性的专业团队、规范社区体育赛事的服务管理等方面提出了进一步满足上海社区居民日益增长的体育竞赛参赛需求的对策与措施。     

对全面把握游泳训练环节的探讨

从系统观点出发,结合训练实践,对全面把握游泳训练环节进行探讨。认为应强化非智力因素在运动员多年训练中的作用,在育材全过程中不断选材,从整体上把握动态训练的全过程,把培养高水平运动员的整个过程置于一个严格的科学控制之下。     

我国优秀游泳运动员出发技术辅助训练的研究

为改进我国优秀游泳运动员的出发技术,采用观测和实验方法,通过拍摄运动员陆上和水下出发技术录像以及出发计时,对出发技术进行运动生物力学诊断和分析。在此基础上,根据运动员自身特点和不同泳姿提出相应的入水启动方式,并研制出发训练辅助器材,对出发预备姿势、腾起角度以及飞行远度和入水角进行控制。实践证明:这是一种快捷、有效的出发技术辅助训练方法。     

运动性呼吸肌疲劳与耐力性项目的运动能力

影响和限制耐力性运动项目的成绩的生理因素是复杂的和多方面的,取决于训练的强度和运动成绩.大强度持续性运动可导致呼吸肌疲劳.运动性呼吸疲劳可能在决定运动耐量方面起到关键的作用：一方面通过直接影响运动肌力量的生成（外周疲劳）,另一方面,通过肢体用力自感不安反馈引起工作肌运动单位输出功率下降（中枢疲劳）.对呼吸肌进行训练,可能有助于提高耐力性项目的运动成绩.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

对欧洲足球技战术发展趋势的思考

结合欧洲足球技战术的发展特点,就鲁能泰山足球队的体能训练、技术训练、防守阵型、进攻方式、定位球、职业态度、球星培养等诸方面所存在的不足进行了分析,提出相应的改进意见。