未来课堂:智慧学习环境

未来课堂的设计与应用已经成为教育技术学研究的一个新领域,智能性是未来课堂的重要特性之一。未来课堂应为课堂主体而建,终极目标在于促进学习者的个体学习和社会化学习,以促进学习者的发展,它是一个充分发挥课堂主体的主动性、能动性,和谐、自由发展的教与学环境与活动的智慧学习环境。未来课堂不仅是一个智能化的学习空间,还应体现出对课堂主体教与学活动支持的智慧性。智慧性主要体现技术层面、环境层面和资源和服务层面等方面,其实现技术主要包括硬件技术和软件技术两个层面,其中硬件技术主要包括所有设备之间的智能互联技术、多功能交互设备技术;软件技术则主要是指各主体间的信息传输技术、控制技术及信息的推理技术等。     

努力构建和谐课堂教学环境

在新的教育形势下，教师本身应及时转变观念，解放思想，努力构建和谐的课堂教学环境，实现教育的变革与创新。为构建和谐的课堂教学环境。教师应千方百计构建平等、民主、友善的师生关系，引导学生构建互帮互助、团结友爱的生生关系，创设丰富多彩的教学情境，以人为本，促进全体学生的不同发展。     

Secondary schools included: a literature review

For over a decade, inclusive discourse comprises the development of a school for all, both in primary and in secondary education. Facing long-standing barriers for effective comprehensive education, secondary schools show specific interests, strengths and needs in a school-wide movement towards inclusion. Reviewing literature of recent research in inclusion in secondary schools (2000–2012), current interests represent inclusive culture, policy and practices, although the balance between each of these dimensions is unequal. A large number of studies report on attitudes towards inclusion, followed by inclusive practice. A lower number of studies deal with policy issues. Staff attitudes towards inclusion, access to the general curriculum, peer support, self-determination strategies and collaborative practices in specific subject areas were identified as major topics of investigation. Considerable attention has also been paid to peer attitudes, self-advocacy and student grouping. While the adolescent perspective is emphasised, little room is left for parental involvement. Also, the central role of administrators and professional development of staff has been underexposed in current research on secondary inclusion.     

Gender in teaching: a literature review

Internationally, both in popular and scientific media, debates occasionally emerge concerning the possible (negative) consequences of feminisation tendencies in the teaching staff. In these discussions, various assumptions about the ‘nature’ of male and female teachers and masculinity and femininity are expressed. Male and female teachers are often presumed to differ in teaching styles, capacities and effects on both the teaching profession and the pupils. The arguments used in these debates only seldom refer to particular theoretical grounds or to empirical evidence. Moreover, apart from Sandra Acker’s essay ‘Gender and teachers’ work’ in 1995 Acker, S. 1995. “Gender and teachers’ work”. In Review of research in education, Edited by: Apple, M. W. 99–162. Washington DC: American Educational Research Association. [Crossref] , [Google Scholar], educational research lacks an up‐to‐date review of teacher gender. Therefore, this article aims to provide insight into contemporary theoretical gender perspectives. It also intends to connect these with empirical research that takes teacher gender into account. Most of the research studies referred to in this article do not explicitly state their underlying theoretical principles. Yet, since these studies have distinct research foci, research questions, methodologies and conclusions, they appear to depart from a variety of gender conceptualisations. Therefore, in this article the differences between these conceptualisations will be examined and the divergent theoretical assumptions underlying these studies will be revealed. The two most widespread and disparate perspectives in gender theory are the essentialist perspectives on the one hand and the constructionist perspectives on the other. The differences between them are made up by the degree to which explanations are deterministic and focused on the individual rather than on the social and cultural level. Drawing upon this theoretical contrast, we divided the body of research on teacher gender into two divergent research traditions: sex differences research and gender dynamics research. The research questions, underlying theoretical principles and methodologies of these two traditions are examined.     

Teacher attrition: a review of literature

Teacher attrition is generally positioned within research addressing teacher shortage, the wastage of resources and expertise, as well as that concerning teachers’ lowly status and poor working conditions. As such the research is fragmented and diverse. This paper attempts to draw together contemporary international attrition research in order to consider: how teacher attrition may be defined; patterns of attrition; influences upon attrition; the impact of attrition; and strategies employed for decreasing attrition. It concludes that research concerning teacher attrition requires the development of more comprehensive databases on teaching personnel and increased clarity of how attrition is being framed and investigated.     

二语课堂教学中和谐学习环境的构建

本文在第二语言习得理论中有关动机和课堂气氛等理论的指导下,对大学英语课堂中英语教学进行观察、调查和研究,通过面向学生和老师的问卷,指出了二语课堂上经常出现的一些问题以及教师经常使用的一些解决此类问题的办法,同时针对这些问题提供更多的有效地解决方案,为在二语教学课堂上如何创造让学生自主学习的和谐环境提供了可行方案。     

Nurturing Mathematical Promise in a Regular Elementary Classroom: Exploring the Role of the Teacher and Classroom Environment

This article presents findings from a case study of an in-classroom program based on ability grouping for Year 2 (ages 6–7) primary (elementary) children identified as high ability in mathematics. The study examined the role of classroom setting, classroom environment, and teacher’s approach in realizing and developing mathematical promise. The teacher’s approach was found to be fundamental to revealing and developing mathematical promise. However, a large regular classroom with a range of ability, along with some common beliefs that link mathematical prowess with competence in numerical calculations and that dominate the classroom environment, pose some major challenges for the teacher as well as obstacles and threats to the development of mathematical promise. The article illuminates these issues and suggests possible solutions.     

Preschool Science Environment: What Is Available in a Preschool Classroom?

This study investigated preschool science environments in 20 preschool classrooms (N=20) in 13 midwestern child care centers. By operationalizing Neuman’s concept of “sciencing,” this study used The Preschool Classroom Science Materials/Equipment Checklist, the Preschool Classroom Science Activities Checklist, and the Preschool Teacher Classroom/Sciencing Form to analyze the availability of science materials, equipment, and activities for preschoolers in the classroom. Each teacher was videotaped for two consecutive days during free play time. The study showed that half of the preschool classrooms had a science area. The activities that the preschool teachers engaged were mostly unrelated to science activities (86.8%), 4.5% of the activities were related to formal sciencing, and 8.8% of the activities were related to informal sciencing.     

多功能教室的设备选用及环境建设

我功能教室是近几年兴起的现代化教学手段。突破了传统的教学示范系统的模式，使课堂信息量加在，便于知识的传授。本文介绍了多功能教室中的设备选择及其环境建设，着重介绍了投影机的工作原理及选择要点。     

Development of a Classroom Environment Scale in Hong Kong

Free-meal entitlement (FME) is being used as a measure of the socio-economic characteristics of Scottish schools for the purposes of target-setting. This article examines the association between FME and the socio-economic circumstances of schools using a national survey of school-leavers. It also evaluates the extent to which FME provides a surrogate for socio-economic status in predicting attainment. It finds that FME is an inconsistent measure of poverty, and is only a partial proxy for socio-economic circumstances. It concludes that school comparisons using FME may give a spurious impression of validity.     

Classroom dialogue: a systematic review across four decades of research

Recognizing that empirical research into classroom dialogue has been conducted for about 40?years, a review is reported of 225 studies published between 1972 and 2011. The studies were identified through systematic search of electronic databases and scrutiny of publication reference lists. They focus on classroom dialogue in primary and secondary classrooms, covering the full age range of compulsory schooling. The methods of data collection and analysis used in the studies are described and discussed, with changes and continuities over time highlighted. Study results are then summarized and integrated to present a succinct picture of what is currently known and where future research might profitably be directed. One key message is that much more is known about how classroom dialogue is organized than about whether certain modes of organization are more beneficial than others. Moreover, epistemological and methodological change may be required if the situation is to be remedied.     

城市化动力机制:一个关于文献的综述

目前,中国的城市化问题已经成为国内外学术界研究的主要问题之一,而城市化动力及其机制问题更是一个研究的重要领域。城市化的动力机制主要是指影响城市化发生和发展的诸动力要素的综合及互动过程。城市化的速度快慢、质量高低、可持续性强弱等,都与城市化动力及其机制有直接或间接的关系。本文对目前学术界城市化动力机制的观点进行了搜集与整理。     

Integrated early years services: a thematic literature review

This article reports on the findings of a thematic review of research literature about integrated early years services (IEYS) [1995–2012]. Four themes are discussed: broad support for IEYS; critiques of claims about IEYS; a focus on inter-professional practice; and the challenge of evaluating IEYS. The article concludes with reflections concerning how the evidence base for IEYS could be strengthened.     

Balancing the Environment: Computational Models as Interactive Participants in a STEM Classroom

Journal of Science Education and Technology - This paper describes the work done by sixth grade students to achieve and sustain productive and personally meaningful lines of inquiry with...     

Measuring the Computer Classroom Environment: Lessons Learned From Using a New Instrument

Research over the last four decades has shown that the classroom learning environment impacts on students' cognitive and affective outcomes. Different approaches have been taken to measure students' perceptions of their learning environment, and this has led to the development of a large number of survey instruments. One such instrument is the College and University Classroom Environment Inventory (CUCEI) which was developed in 1987. The CUCEI was recently modified and both the original and modified versions were validated in a number of studies. This article reports the use of the modified CUCEI in two independent studies in computing classrooms in secondary schools and tertiary institutions in Wellington, New Zealand. The statistical performance of the CUCEI was not completely satisfactory in either study and revealed a number of problems common to these two studies. The difficulties are discussed and recommendations made to increase the validity and reliability of this instrument.     

Classroom Environment Instruments: Development,Validity and Applications

Few fields of educational research have such a rich diversity of valid, economical and widely-applicable assessment instruments as does the field of learning environments. This article describes nine major questionnaires for assessing student perceptions of classroom psychosocial environment (the Learning Environment Inventory, Classroom Environment Scale, Individualised Classroom Environment Questionnaire, My Class Inventory, College and University Classroom Environment Inventory, Questionnaire on Teacher Interaction, Science Laboratory Environment Inventory, Constructivist Learning Environment Survey and What Is Happening In This Class) and reviews the application of these instruments in 12 lines of past research (focusing on associations between outcomes and environment, evaluating educational innovation, differences between student and teacher perceptions, whether students achieve better in their preferred environment, teachers' use of learning environment perceptions in guiding improvements in classrooms, combining quantitative and qualitative methods, links between different educational environments, cross-national studies, the transition from primary to high school, and incorporating educational environment ideas into school psychology, teacher education and teacher assessment).     

课堂环境与学校适应关系研究的现状与发展趋势

课堂环境是近几十年的研究热点,课堂环境对学生学校适应的影响也逐步走入研究者的视野。近几年对于课堂环境对于学生学校适应的影响方面主要集中在课堂环境对于学生的同伴关系适应、学习适应、行为适应等方面。在今后的研究中,研究人员应在学校适应的研究维度、课堂环境的分析层面、研究的深度、研究对象的范围等方面多加注意。     

关于大学英语课堂环境的几点思考

改革课堂教学,适应时代发展,需要充分认识到课堂环境在英语教学中的重要性,作者从认识和分析大学英 语课堂环境现状着手,提出了几点思考和建议,即:努力提高教师素质,创设生动有效的学习内容和气氛,注重学生的 整体发展,积极开展多维度教学。以期提高大学英语教学效率,响应素质教学号召,推进英语教学改革。