PEER GROUP COUNSELING FOR OLDER PEOPLE

>For a variety of reasons, psychological services are largely unavailable for older people who want help in coping with their interpersonal problems. Group counseling, when it is used, proves to be an effective and efficient method for meeting their needs. It also addresses the reality of the limited numbers of gerontologically trained professionals currently available in the field. A readily attainable, and largely untapped, resource for working with this population is older people themselves. The Continuum Center of Oakland University selects, trains, and supervises older men and women, who serve as paraprofessional group leaders in a self‐exploration program offered in a variety of community centers in the Detroit metropolitan area. The service and training programs, and some of the outcomes for clients and group leaders, are briefly described.     

STAFF AND PEER ASSESSMENT ‐ MEASURING AN INDIVIDUAL'S CONTRIBUTION TO GROUP PERFORMANCE

Group Modelling is expanding in the UK and has provided a suitable medium for Communication training at Robert Gordon's Institute of Technology. The CNAA has approved a scheme in which 10% of the marks in Mathematical Models and Methods course are peer awarded. The criteria which students use are not cited explicitly because the scheme wishes to reflect the shift from staff‐sponsored instruction to self/peer sponsored perception of relationships and the tender of solutions. The scheme provides the opportunity to measure what happens outside class contact hours and is proving an effective method of group assessment.     

STAFF ASSESSMENT: THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCEDURES FOR AUSTRALIAN UNIVERSITIES

In Australia, a recent Review of Efficiency and Effectiveness in Tertiary Education (Hudson, 1986) has produced an interest in formal staff appraisal schemes designed to assess performance of academic staff members for feedback and decision‐making purposes.

This paper outlines five principles which seem, after review of the literature on staff assessment schemes in the USA, to be important for the development of valid and reliable staff evaluation schemes. While the suggestions for Australian universities which have been made by the recent report are compatible with some of these principles, other principles are clearly violated, even in the sketchy outline of the scheme which has appeared to date.

It is suggested that these principles need to be emphasised once again in the hope that the Australian universities are able to gain from experiences which exist in the literature to date.     

多义名词对个体量词的选择

一名我钽现象是以名词为基础，确定名词对所搭配量的选择，名词的意义是决定选择量词的主要因素；多义词是有多个义项的名词，义项的不同，使它们对个体量词的选择也不同；在选择上有相斥、重合、交叉关系；对量词选择不同的多名词主要是植物类、体育类及其他类名词。     

A CASE FOR SELF‐ASSESSMENT BASED ON RECENT STUDIES OF STUDENT LEARNING

An account of an experiment in self‐assessed learning where the lecturer used his authority to give his students responsibility for their own assessment. Students were expected to set their own goals, week‐by‐week, and prepare a self‐assessment, which was open to questioning and discussion by other members of the group, but which involved only the individual student in the final decision.

The difficulties encountered are clearly stated, but the final judgment is that only such methods can achieve deep processing in Higher Education. It is also argued that conventional methods of evaluation are inappropriate for this style of learning.     

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT IN TEACHER EDUCATION: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A DIAGNOSTIC LANGUAGE TEST FOR TRAINEE TEACHERS OF GERMAN

ABSTRACT:  This article describes the development and validation of a diagnostic test of German and its integration in a programme of formative assessment during a one-year initial teacher-training course. The test focuses on linguistic aspects that cause difficulty for trainee teachers of German as a foreign language and assesses implicit and explicit grammatical knowledge as well as students' confidence in this knowledge. Administration of the test to 57 German speakers in four groups (first-year undergraduates, fourth-year undergraduates, postgraduate trainees, and native speakers) provided evidence of its reliability and validity.     

PRODUCT COMPARISONS AND PROCESS BENEFITS OF COLLABORATIVE PEER GROUP AND SELF ASSESSMENTS

Any student assessment procedure should meet a number of criteria. It should be -valid, reliable, practicable and fair, and useful to students.⁽¹⁾ The prevailing authoritarian model of assessment in higher education is examined and its disadvantages elaborated. Results of some previous studies of self assessment are discussed. The present study attempts to meet Percival and Ellington's criteria, and addresses itself to a number of important questions concerning the comparability of self and peer group assessment with traditional methods; the extent of over‐ or undermarking by students, the relationships between accuracy of grading and age or overall ability, and the possible effects on learning or personal development of self and peer group assessment procedures. Details of the implementation of the scheme are recorded, and results presented and discussed. In terms of both product (the correspondences between self or peer and tutor assessment) and process (the evaluation by students of the effects of the scheme), the scheme appears to be successful. Implications and plans for future studies are elaborated.     

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE TEACHERS AS A REFLECTION OF LARGE-SCALE ASSESSMENT

Professional development (PD) of teachers comprises a major challenge in many countries. The empirical relations between teaching–learning processes and student achievements occupy educators who construct teachers’ in-service training programs. Student achievements serve as a measure for testing improvements in learning. Many investigators view teachers’ content–didactic knowledge as influencing the quality of teaching and student achievements. Large-scale assessments (national and international evaluation frameworks) in the Israeli educational system offer teachers opportunities for improving their teaching–learning processes and student achievements. We developed a program for the PD of science teachers based on the curriculum and large-scale assessments. The model is long term and integrates theoretical and practical knowledge. The activities should be effective and cooperative and should use diverse teaching methods and integrate advanced technologies. This article presents considerations for the construction of the program, its goals, its performance, teachers’ reports on the components, and the contribution of the program’s components to their PD.     

CULTURALLY SITUATED EXPLORATIONS OF CHILD DEVELOPMENT: A HOME VISIT PROJECT FOR PROSPECTIVE EARL Y CHILDHOOD TEACHERS

As part of a child development course in an undergradute early childhood teacher preparation program, students completed a home visit project with a family of a culture other than their own. This report examines the assignment's effectiveness in helping students become aware of the cultural nature of human development and the role of the family in the child's growth and development. Student responses obtained through focus groups, papers, field notes, and course evaluations included 1) reflections on the nature of the experience; 2) reactions to the role of researcher in the home of relative strangers and 3) evaluation of the learning. Although students seem to have achieved some understanding of the role of family and culture, the further step of recognizing culture as fundamental to development was generally not an outcome of the present intervention.     

小论教师个体的教育学

流行的“教育学”文本不可信 ,不可爱。不可信是说“教育学”缺少逻辑的力量 ,不可爱是说“教育学”缺少写作者思想“教育”时显现的个体 ① 生命之光 (思想作为动词 )。本文从揭示“教育学”不可信、不可爱的命运入手 ,将拯救教育学的命运部分地交给与“教育”有着原初的亲缘关系的教师 ,因为教师的“师”不仅仅是“会计师”的“师” ,即不仅仅是专业人员 ,而且教师有可能是“儿童天国的引路人”[1 ] ,也可能是“儿童误入歧途的作俑者”。     

THE DEVELOPMENT OF A MEDICAL STUDENT INTEREST GROUP IN GERIATRICS

As society ages, there is an increasing demand for knowledge and skills to care for the elderly. Innovative ways to stimulate the interest of medical students in geriatric medicine present an important challenge to medical schools today. This article discusses the value of a student interest group in meeting this challenge. In 1988, the Department of Geriatrics at the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York City initiated a student interest group in geriatrics. Over the ensuing years, this group has provided medical students with a forum for pursuing research interests in geriatrics, networking with other students, and interacting with faculty role models interested in geriatric medicine.     

环巢湖旅游地开发条件定量评价

通过实地调研和专家咨询,构建了湖泊型旅游地开发评价指标体系。根据湖泊型旅游地开发评价因子的特性,将其分为两种类型,一类是数值型因子,一类是模糊型因子,分别对其进行评价,进而提出一种具有兼容性的湖泊旅游地开发综合评价模型。运用此模型对环巢湖旅游地开发条件进行综合定量评价,得出环巢湖旅游地综合评价得分是7.626,总体上属国家级旅游地,并对定量评价结论进行了相关讨论。     

莫干山民宿群的文化旅游开发

在休闲旅游市场的带动下,作为非标住宿业的代表,民宿在国外发展虽已相当成熟,但在中国起步较晚.以莫干山民宿群为研究对象,归纳其文化旅游开发的主要做法,剖析莫干山民宿群在文化旅游开发中存在的投资过热、产品同质化严重、过度消费个人情怀及本土文化挖掘不够等现实困境,最后尝试提出合理的开发建议.     

PROJECT INSIGHTS: AN EVALUATION OF A COMMUNITY VISION EDUCATION PROJECT FOR OLDER ADULTS

Project InSights is a community vision education and outreach program designed to utilize trained older adult volunteers to educate their peers about age-related vision loss and the benefits of vision rehabilitation for people who are visually impaired. Volunteers conduct programs that motivate attendees to maintain their vision health and provide information about available services and resources in the community. The overall goal is to prevent unnecessary functional disability among older adults with vision impairment. Peer education is based on the assumption that people are more likely to listen to their contemporaries, and Project InSights uses this approach. A nine-month evaluation of Project InSights was conducted to determine program effectiveness, volunteer and attendee satisfaction, and suggestions for program modification. Data were gathered from two perspectives--program attendees and volunteers--via telephone interviews and evaluation forms completed by program attendees. Program attendees (90 % ) stated that they learned something new that could help them or someone they know who has a vision problem. Volunteers (98 % ) would recommend others to become an InSights volunteer because they are providing an important service. Results indicate that Project InSights was viewed as a valuable community resource by all involved.     

DIFFERENTIAL EFFECTS OF INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP TESTING STRATEGIES IN AN OBJECTIVES-BASED INSTRUCTIONAL PROGRAM

A total of ten first-grade teachers in an objectives-based reading program utilized on a biweekly basis three types of criterion tests: (1) individually-administered, constructed-response tests; (2) group-administered, selected-response tests with three choices per item; and (3) group-administered, selected-response tests with four choices per item. Scores on these tests and scores on an end-of-year, constructued-response posttest were collected on a sample of 40 Ss for each type of test. Both the individually-administered, constructed-response tests and the 4-choice, selected-response tests provided scores that accurately predicted end-of-year performance. The 3-choice tests did not. The use of 3-choice, selected-response tests in similar type instructional programs is not recommended.     

第三代领导集体对法制建设理论的新发展

第三代领导集体对法制建设理论的新发展主要包括 :提出建设社会主义法治国家的基本目标 ,确定依法治国的治国方略 ,强调党的领导、发扬民主、依法办事的统一。其新论述的关节点 ,一是党的执政方式的战略性转变 ,二是确立依法办事的思维方式。