Copyright: past,present and future

Copyright has developed over the years from an instrument of taxation and censorship to a complex set of rules, primarily to protect the creator, but now having to grapple with cyberspace. This article examines that development, and looks at some of the arguments for and against the existence of copyright. It is argued that copyright is flexible enough to cope with the electronic world. The article examines the lessons learned from the past, and asks whether the Gowers Report helps or hinders. The author also raises the question ‘what is the future of copyright?’, given the intense interest not just of the UK government but also of the European Commission, which is determined to provide a ‘level playing‐field’ across the countries of the EU. Lastly, the author examines the five main pressure points relevant to the future of copyright and asks who the publisher of the future will be.     

Spam: Its past,present, and future

In this article, the author describes the history of spam as one of the negative impacts of the development of information technologies, its volume in e-mail traffic over the last 15 years, the types of spam, its thematic varieties, and the top spam-source countries. Ananalysis is given of the software and legal tools and methods used to fight spam.     

议程设置理论概览:过去,现在与未来

本文对议程设置理论的五个研究领域,即议程设置的基本效果、属性议程设置、议程设置效果的心理学、媒介议程的来源和议程设置效果的后果,自该理论创立以来所取得的主要发现作了简要回顾,并基于此讨论了议程设置理论的几个新研究领域,包括对议程设置理论基本概念与观点的在更多新领域的应用,比如企业声誉、教育、宗教组织等,这些新领域已远不是议程设置理论最初生成的公共事务领域了。作为该理论的创立者之一,作者在文章最后提出了对于议程设置研究的几点个人观察。     

MRSQ Informatics Education columns: past, present and future

This is the last Informatics Education column under the current editors. The outgoing editors identify six key themes that reflect the changes in informatics education over their seven-year tenure. The themes are picked from the 29 previous columns published under their editorship. The first and key theme is technology, and this one theme is the basis for the other five. The incoming editors project what they expect to see as key themes for future columns. Together, this column looks at the past, present, and future state of informatics education in the United States.     

Fostering entrepreneurship in Omani academic libraries: Examining the present and pioneering future opportunities

This study evaluated the entrepreneurial culture in Omani university libraries and analyzed the benefits and difficulties that come with it. The main aims was to examine the resources and guidance offered by these libraries for creating an entrepreneurial culture as well as the perceived challenges faced by library staff and students. The study also tried to identify effective programs and top practices from other academic libraries that might be applied to the Omani context.A combination of semi-structured interviews with staff members from five libraries and surveys given to students in 10 libraries were used to accomplish these goals. The results of this study showed that the Sultanate of Oman's academic libraries actively support entrepreneurial culture and are aware of their potential as centres for its diffusion. They do, however, face challenges, such as a dearth of competent workers in the field of business and a lack of pertinent collections to support the entrepreneurial culture. The study also emphasized the need for Omani academic libraries to improve the services they offer in the area of entrepreneurship and spread knowledge of its significance, particularly in light of the nation's sustainable development aspirations.By contributing to understanding entrepreneurial culture within the context of Omani academic libraries, this research provides valuable insights for library professionals, educators, and researchers. It identifies current challenges and opportunities and shares successful initiatives from other academic libraries, emphasizing the significance of fostering an entrepreneurial mindset in academic libraries to promote innovation and contribute to the overall advancement of the library industry and information institutions in the Arab world.     

The health care payment environment: past, present and future

Between 1965 and 1982, hospital costs per admission rose by some 690%. Factors that contributed to this inflationary trend and that caused payers to take drastic action are analyzed. The actions taken in the past and current proposals to control the rate of increase are reviewed. It is predicted that payment systems for other providers such as physicians and nursing homes will change in similar ways.     

学术论文同行评审:过去·现状·未来

研究同行评审制度有助于审视学术交流与出版过程,以检验对学术成果的审查和管理工作的合理性,包括评审结果的正确性和评审方法的公平性,并进而为同行评审制度的发展和完善提供参考依据.文章简要介绍同行评审的发展历程,阐述并探讨学术论文同行评审的作用以及存在和面临的问题,并分析同行评审的发展趋势.     

Education for health sciences/biomedical librarianship: past, present, future

This paper offers an analysis of and some predictions for the fields of library education and medical librarianship. The recent past of education for medical/health sciences librarianship is outlined, with emphasis on the changing nature of the library school, its faculty, and its students. The present situation is described, with specific reference to faculty, curriculum, and accreditation issues. A future agenda is proposed, identifying the need for interdisciplinary and cooperative efforts within the larger realms of medical informatics, high technology, a variety of health professions, and the community of contemporary library practice.     

The Japan Medical Library Association—past,present and future

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The past,present and future of scientific and technical journals of China

The early days of the People's Republic of China saw the development of science and technology at home with an accompanying development of scientific and technical journals. A succession of natural disasters then weakened the economy and many journals had to cease publication. The disruption of the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution followed and only twenty journals survived. Since the opening up of the economy the Chinese government has supported scientific and technical journals and these have developed rapidly. There are now a large number of journals but many of them are still of low quality and little impact, and too few are in English. The number in English will now increase considerably, as will their international influence.     

A study on Africana collections in UK libraries: present state and future scenarios

A questionnaire survey combined with interviews involving 70 libraries and two suppliers of Africana materials in the UK was conducted in order to understand the acquisition situation with respect to the demand, acquisition policies, extent and adequacy of Africana acquisitions, sources and factors limiting acquisition of such materials. The study revealed that 41% of the surveyed academic libraries were actively acquiring Africana. It was found that limited use of relevant bibliographical tools, budgetary constraints, delays and non-response to orders, relative smallness in demand, inaccessibility to sources of the publications and the unsatisfactory state of national bibliographies for most of the African countries south of the Sahara were among the factors that limited Africana acquisitions. The cooperative venture by some of the African-based publishers in publicizing their publications abroad was considered a useful step in building Africana collections in the UK. It is suggested that wide utilization of electronic media for sources of information for such materials could be a further improvement on this matter.     

Past,present, and future: Trajectories in Kittler studies

Following his death in 2011, there has been a spate of publications on the work of Friedrich Kittler. This review essay discusses The Truth of the Technological World (2013), Kittler Now: Current Perspectives in Kittler Studies (2015), and Media After Kittler (2015). These three recently published collections feature essays that cover the history of Kittler’s writing, and trace out the debates about the significance of technical operation to the effects of media. Most importantly, the exegetical essays in these volumes signal a shift from earlier efforts to introduce Kittler’s writings towards a more robust conceptualization of how his work might benefit English-language theorizations of the contemporary media situation.