击出你的本垒打

说到棒球运动的历史,可称得上悠久,古希腊和古印度的神庙浮雕、碑石上,就有用木棒打球的图案。我国古代也有用长棒打短棒的游戏。这些都是棒球运动的雏形。十七世纪英国的板球和一种叫做"跑圈子"的运动,算是棒球的老祖宗,之后再由英国的移民传至美国,演变成今日的棒球。真正确立棒球的名称,并将游戏规则修订,则是1839年     

棒球和垒球

棒球运动（Baseball）的历史源远流长,但据美国有关专家多年考据认为,现代棒球是由板球（Cricket）（图1,利比里亚）演变而来。1839年,美国纽约州古帕斯顿进行了首场棒球比赛。1854年,以美国人卡特莱德名字命名的棒球组织制定了第一部棒球竞赛规则。     

棒球运动进校园的改造

现代棒球运动源于英国的板球（Cricket）而创于美国。棒球运动已经有150多年的历史了。棒球是以9人为一方,在室外场地使用球棒和球进行的一项球类运动。这既是业余竞技运动也是一项职业运动项目,比赛的目标是赢得比对方更多的分。棒球运动是集体性、对抗性很强的球类运动项目,它在国际上开展较为广泛,影响较大,被誉为“竞技与智慧的结合”。近20年来,我国少年儿童棒球有较快发展,中国少棒队在世界少年软式棒球锦标赛中曾7夺冠军。在学校中,因地制宜地开发利用棒球运动资源,可以发挥棒球运动应有的优势,充实体育课程内容。     

制约我国棒球运动发展的因素与对策研究

棒球运动集力量、速度、谋略和美感于一身,具有较高的欣赏价值,被誉为"竞技与智慧的结合",而且在美国、日本等地极具影响力。然而"奥运瘦身"计划使棒球运动暂别了奥运大家庭,在"奥运战略"背景下的我国,棒球运动如何发展则成为大家关心的问题。本文通过文献资料法、专家访谈法、对比分析法、逻辑归纳法对国内外棒球运动的发展现状进行综合分析,发现存在问题,并提出相应对策。     

美国棒球电影发展的文化省思

"库伯镇"(传说中的棒球发源地)与"好莱坞"(电影工业重镇)有着非常密切的关系.一百多年来,棒球作为美国的"国家消遣",始终都是好莱坞电影制片最热衷取材的对象,为电影角色、剧情与背景提供丰富的银幕元素.从孩童联盟到大联盟,好莱坞曾出品各式各样类型电影,分从不同面向描绘美国社会中的棒球运动,这些电影也被称为"棒球电影".本文企图透过对于"棒球电影"的考察,揭示棒球、电影与美国文化之间的细腻互动关系.我们将会看到,从19世纪后期开始,棒球与电影便在美国社会中扮演凝聚美国移民社会分歧认同的重要力量,作为二股力量结合代表的"棒球电影",也运用其丰富银幕再现不断复制并传播美国社会中的主流价值,成为其典型的代表例证.透过回顾并整理美国"棒球电影"的发展历程,以及其在不同阶段中所展现出来的重要类型与主题.本文将致力于解释棒球不断结合电影的主要因为,以及二者相互结合的互动模式,让我们能更进一步理解棒球对于美国文化的影响.     

一位亚洲板球理事官员对中国板球发展现状的评论

板球运动起源于英国，棒球和垒球连动则是从板球派生而来。板球至今是英联邦国家最喜爱的运动．在印度它被视为国球，板球虽然不像乒乓球、垒球等球类运动那样在中国家喻户晓，但其实它在中国的历史可以追溯到一八五一年成立的香港木球会，也是英格兰之外建立的第一批板球俱乐部。而在中国大陆，早在一九五八年上海和北京就出现过板球比赛和板球俱乐部，不过打板球的主要是驻华的外国人。[编者按]     

上海高校板球运动发展的因素分析及对簧研究

近年来,板球运动在中国作为新兴体育项目已得到一定地普及与推广,但无论从参与人数还是竞技水平上都还远远落后于板球发达圆家。而高校是板球运动普及与推广的重要阵地,对这嘎运动持续,健康、有序地发展有着积极意义。因此,通过研究上海市高校板球运动发展的因素,不仅可以从中发现高校板球运动发展中的制约因素,还能为其今后的发展提供有益的建议与帮助。     

漫话棒球运动

现在人们通常把棒球和垒球统称为“棒垒球”。其实棒球和垒球是两项既相似但又有区别的集体性球类运动,垒球运动是由棒球运动衍生而来的。关于棒球运动的起源问题,曾有源于英国和美国的两种说法。英国人认为是从流行于加拿大的“绕圈球”演变而来的;美国人则认为是道布戴尔1839年创始于纽约州的库珀斯镇。但据考证,现代棒球运动起源于美国。早在1750年以前,在英国就已流行一种叫“克里克特”的游戏,也就是我们称为“板球”的一种游戏。游戏的方法是用一根长38吋,宽4 1/4吋的桨状柳木板击球,也有防守和跑垒等,场地是长方形或椭圆形。由于这一时期英国正大量向美洲一带移民,所以“克里克特”游戏也传入美国,逐渐为世人所知。到19世纪20年代,美、英都流行一种叫“朗德尔”的游戏。1829年美、英两国分别     

棒球运动与美国文化的价值认同及其对我国的启示

运用文献资料和对比分析等研究方法对棒球文化与美国文化的价值认同进行分析,认为:棒球运动所彰显的文化特质是美国文化和精神的缩影;棒球运动所创造的集体认同感为不同种族提供了社群想象与凝聚的基础;棒球文化以包容的态度建立了契合美国文化的身份认同;通过棒球项目的对抗特征隐喻美国文化和精神所在,促使棒球成为展示美国文化特征的理想方式是棒球运动与美国国家文化价值认同构建的经验之所在,对我们的启示在于,通过彰显民族特征与价值认同的体育项目实现蕴含政治和精神文化特性的"国家级消遣"进而实现族群凝聚值得借鉴;集体项目中所蕴含的社群想象和族群认同的精神本质值得深入发掘。     

美国学校的棒球运动

<正> 现代棒球运动起源于美国,1845年,制订了第一部棒球竞赛规则,至今已有一百五十年的发展历史。 本世纪三四十年代,美国职业棒球的迅猛发展,也促进了大学、高中业余棒球的发展,更引起人们对青少年棒球运动的注意,他们视棒球为培养合格公民的有效途径之一,毫不夸张地说,在美国从学校到社区,从社会到家庭,人人爱棒球、打棒球蔚然成风。 美国的学校棒球包括:     

美国职业棒球反垄断豁免制度的历史演进 ———基于案例分析

美国的反垄断实践有着悠久的历史,而在职业体育领域,职业棒球在美国反垄断历史进程中是一个重要例子,也是一个特例,涉及到职业体育反垄断问题的诸多方面,至今在美国的反垄断发展过程中有着特殊的地位.主要采用案例分析法、比较分析法和逻辑分析法,从美国职业棒球的产生、发展轨迹研究出发,通过详细的案例分析对美国职业棒球反垄断法豁免制度的历史演进过程进行研究.旨在通过对美国职业棒球反垄断关键性案例的研究为我国<反垄断法>对我国职业体育的豁免以及职业体育反垄断司法分析提供有价值的参考.     

体育作为一项青少年基本权利受到重视——美国将体育和体育教育纳入法律保障的努力

现代工业文明的发展导致人类身体活动减少,随之带来人群身心健康发展方面的诸多问题.介绍了目前美国对于这一问题的关注,并随之采取的通过体育活动和体育教育应对这一问题的观念和办法.美国青少年和成人的身心健康问题的涌现肇始了和其它法案,这些法案产生于民意,获得了社会支持,并被呈送国会,试图修正美国ESEA教育法,成为公共法律.这些法案用具有说服力的论证和具体的措施,提醒和敦促美国社会和政府通过保障体育的进行,尤其是保障青少年儿童体育活动的开展和体育教育的有效实施,将其内化为一种健康的生活方式来发展更长久和可更新的生命,以此来确保每个美国人都获得健康发展的基本人权.     

浅析棒球运动在中国的发展之路

中国棒球队直接进入2008年北京奥运会,2002年第1届中国棒球职业联赛和2003年首届中国大学生棒球联赛成功举办,预示着中国棒球运动正在蓬勃发展。采用文献法和历史调查法,通过对棒球发展史以及棒球在中国的开展情况进行调查研究,发现目前中国棒球运动存在“两头大,中间小”的状态———小学覆盖面广、职业棒球队得到大力发展,中学队伍却很少的瓶颈问题,人才培养存在断档现象,针对这一问题提出:要使棒球运动在中国得到普及性的开展,必须搞职业棒球联赛和高校棒球。     

Sport and the Italian American Quest for Whiteness

More than 4,000,000 Italians migrated to the United States in search of better opportunities; but their poverty, lack of education, Catholic religion and ethnic lifestyles denied them full inclusion in the mainstream American society dominated by middle class, white, Anglo-Saxon Protestants. This study examines the Italians' development of an Italian national identity in the United States, the transition to an American identity and the Italians' quest for inclusion within the mainstream society. Disdainful of education as contrary to the peasant familial value system, the Italian reliance on physicality marked a particular working-class habitus that transferred well to the labour gangs that built the American infrastructure, but their physical prowess allowed for greater recognition as Italian youth adopted American sport forms. Physical prominence led to university athletic scholarships and participation on US Olympic teams; while others pursued fame and fortune as professional boxers and in the American national game of baseball. In the inter-war years sport provided a primary vehicle for assimilation, acceptance and recognition as athletes such as Joe DiMaggio and Rocky Marciano became American icons of popular culture and fostered a golden age for Italian assimilation in the 1950s. A third generation, however, experienced a resurgence of ethnicity that resulted in a segmented assimilation in which Italians selectively adopted to the mainstream culture while retaining particular ancestral values and practices. Stereotypical depictions of Italians as gangsters and an adherence to past lifestyles suggest that full assimilation is not yet complete.     

Throwing in cricket

This paper considers the kinematic characteristics of overarm throwing with particular emphasis on the techniques of throwing and pitching in baseball. The technique is subdivided into: (1) sequential pattern of throwing, (2) lead foot contact, (3) preparatory phase, (4) arm acceleration and (5) instant of ball release. Specific biomechanical principles that underpin throwing and their application within baseball are identified. The paper also presents a case study of the three-dimensional characteristics of throwing technique in cricket. The aim was to compare the skill in cricket to that previously researched in baseball. The findings for throwing in cricket are similar to those reported for baseball, indicating that there is a definite crossover in the rationale of how an individual should throw specific to the demands of cricket and baseball. The differences noted--greater elbow flexion at lead foot contact and less external rotation during the preparation phase--can be attributed to the demands placed on the fielder and pitcher specific to their respective sports.     

Throwing in cricket

This paper considers the kinematic characteristics of overarm throwing with particular emphasis on the techniques

of throwing and pitching in baseball. The technique is subdivided into: (1) sequential pattern of throwing,

(2) lead foot contact, (3) preparatory phase, (4) arm acceleration and (5) instant of ball release. Specific biomechanical

principles that underpin throwing and their application within baseball are identified. The paper

also presents a case study of the three-dimensional characteristics of throwing technique in cricket. The aim

was to compare the skill in cricket to that previously researched in baseball. The findings for throwing in cricket

are similar to those reported for baseball, indicating that there is a definite crossover in the rationale of how an

individual should throw specific to the demands of cricket and baseball. The differences noted - greater elbow

flexion at lead foot contact and less external rotation during the preparation phase - can be attributed to the

demands placed on the fielder and pitcher specific to their respective sports.     

The revoking and returning of Jim Thorpe’s Olympics awards: 70 years of Native-American sports protest?

Abstract

James Francis Thorpe became the first Native American to win a gold medal for the United States… and the first person in history to be disqualified for professionalism. Considered one of the most versatile athletes of modern sports, he won Olympic gold medals in the 1912 pentathlon and decathlon. He lost his Olympic titles after an investigation by the Amateur Athletic Union showed that he had played semiprofessional baseball in 1909 and 1910, before competing in the Olympics. In 1983, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) restored his Olympic medals. The seven decades that it took for the restoration of Thorpe’s medals were marked by a protean form of protest, drawing on the image of Thorpe as victor, victim, stereotype and symbol. Despite the rehabilitation of Thorpe, he remains in the eyes of Native Americans a powerful symbol of the humiliation of Native American peoples.     

If you build it,they will stay: the development of public cricket provision as a construction of social citizenship

Abstract

Immigration is transforming the United States and cultural diversity is becoming increasingly visible within an emerging poly-ethnic society. Such a challenge to the singularity of cultural assimilation is having policy implications at multiple levels. For municipal parks and recreation departments, this cultural shift presents an extra dimension to the local government role of providing facilities that meet the needs of residents. This paper presents the case study of Church Street Park in Morrisville, North Carolina, which is the site of the first purpose-built cricket facility in the Research Triangle area. Furthermore, this paper argues that a Marshallian framework, albeit in re-conceptualized terms, can elicit the objective and subjective domains of citizenship as constructed through sport participation. Specifically, the development of the cricket field fosters a mono-ethnic and diasporic identity as well as a rich sense of belonging among the growing resident South Asian immigrant population.     

浅析啦啦操运动的发展现状及在高校普及的价值

啦啦操运动起源于美国,目前已遍布美国的NBA、橄榄球、棒球、游泳、田径、摔跤等比赛现场。啦啦操运动已成为一项世界性的体育运动,遍布世界各地,受到全世界人民的喜爱。     

Bhupinder and Tarrant: players of the game

Abstract

Financier Maharaja Bhupinder Singh and tour manager Frank Tarrant are the two key protagonists of the inaugural Australian cricket tour to India in 1935/36 and the historical figures in this article. Their culturally atypical relationship was anomalous to the conventional imperialist paradigm and openly defied racist notions of Western supremacy and cultural incompatibility that informed and underpinned the initial expectations of the touring party. Despite their relationship being primarily driven by mutually beneficial professional and financial objectives, a genuine rapport that challenged the archetypal servant/master paradigm is evident. Press reportage from Australia, India and Britain supports the argument. The minute books of the Middlesex Cricket Club (1908–16) and the Melbourne Cricket Club (1907 and 1908) have been integral in locating information on Tarrant’s movements. Discovering the Tarrant scrapbooks (c.1918–51) at the Melbourne Cricket Club has answered many questions that have plagued previous research into the man who has remained an enigmatic mystery in cricket history. The post-colonial theories of Homi Bhabha (2012), specifically his analysis of mimicry, are employed to argue that the political agendas of the Indian royalty were evolving. Cricket, an English institution, was embraced and reconstructed by the Indian community. Indian society was rejecting the British template and opted to operate according to an increasingly nationalistic and indigenous ideology and through this process appropriated cricket, the bastion of Englishness, as its own. The Australians’ contribution to this process is interrogated, and the liberal influence of Tarrant and the Maharaja in minimizing the racial and social divide throughout the tour is evident.