Moral disengagement in sport

Historically, theories of morality have focused predominantly on moral cognition at the expense of moral action. One theory that considers moral action as well as moral cognition is Bandura's (1991) Social Cognitive Theory of Moral Thought and Action. One aspect of this theory that has recently proved particularly popular with researchers investigating sport morality is that of moral disengagement. Moral disengagement is a collective term for eight psychosocial mechanisms that selectively inhibit moral standards from preventing reprehensible conduct by disengaging self-reproof when one engages in conduct that contravenes one's moral standards. In this review, research examining moral disengagement in the sport context is discussed. Research in this area can be grouped into two broad categories: (a) moral disengagement and behaviours that occur during sport participation; and (b) moral disengagement and doping in sport. The present review considers work addressing both categories. Within each category, the main findings of pertinent studies are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of these studies are identified. The review concludes with directions for future research.     

Moral behaviour in sport: a critical review of the literature

The moral domain comprises behaviours that have consequences for the rights and welfare of others (Turiel, 1983). In this review, research examining such behaviours in the sport context is discussed. Researchers have approached the study of moral behaviour in sport from different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Two approaches that have spawned a considerable number of studies in recent years are Rest's (1984) four-component model of moral action and Bandura's (1991) social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. Research emanating from these approaches is discussed followed by work on good and bad sport behaviours, fair play, and aggression. Within each perspective, the measurement approach to behaviour is described, findings of relevant studies are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of these studies are identified. The review concludes by identifying emerging trends in the literature and offering directions for future research.     

Motivation profiles in sport: a self-determination theory perspective

The present study examined the link between motivation profiles among adult sports participants and the consequences of enjoyment, effort, positive and negative affect, attitude toward sport participation, intention to continue sport participation, satisfaction, and frequency of attendance in sport. Two samples of participants (n = 590 and n = 555) completed the Sport Motivation Scale and a range of self-report measures to assess the outcome variables. Exploratory cluster analyses applied to Sample 1 and confirmatory cluster analysis applied to Sample 2 identified two clusters of sport participants. The first comprised participants with high scores on both nonself-determined and self-determined motives. The second comprised participants with high scores on self-determined motives but low scores on nonself-determined motives. Participants in the first cluster scored higher on all outcome variables. The results are discussed with reference to a more in-depth understanding of the motivation dynamics of sport participation based on Self-Determination Theory.     

Coping with stressors in elite sport: A coach perspective

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to supplement previous work that identified the stressors experienced by coaches and examine the coping strategies that elite-level coaches employ to overcome stressors. Three elite coaches were interviewed and were required to identify three prominent stressors that they had experienced before discussing how they attempted to cope with them. The selected stressors included both performance and organizational types, and the associated coping attempts included strategies conforming to problem-, emotion-, avoidance-, appraisal-, and approach-focused dimensions. While specific forms of coping were identified, findings also highlighted that coping strategies were employed across performance and organizational stressors, rather than being employed for one or the other. Implications for future research opportunities within the area are presented.     

Collective efficacy in sport: the future from a social neuroscience perspective

In the last decade, collective efficacy has received increasing attention in the sport psychology literature. However, despite considerable focus on the antecedents and consequences of the construct (e.g., Magyar, Feltz, & Simpson, 2004), no research has considered the specific neuropsychological mechanisms that underpin the levels of collective efficacy perceived by individuals within sports teams. In this respect, neuroscience research outside sport psychology has identified cortical structures linked to socio-cognitive thought processes (e.g., Gallese, Keysers, & Rizzolati, 2004). Therefore, the purpose of this review is to provide evidence for potential neurological processes that underpin collective efficacy perceptions. Specifically, we discuss these processes in relation to how collective efficacy is conceptualized, measured, and analyzed. We then discuss pertinent neuroscience research that indicates both imagery and observation based interventions are suitable for increasing individual collective efficacy perceptions. Finally, based on the neuroscience mechanisms discussed, future directions for research are suggested that aim to increase our understanding of the nature and influence of collective efficacy perceptions upon individual and team behavior.     

体育法伦理基本问题研究

梳理了体育伦理、体育法律、体育道德关系,体育伦理对于体育法律、体育道德具有引领作用.我国体育法治建设尽管取得巨大成就,但是体育法的伦理缺失是不容争辩的事实,应该加强伦理化的体育法律制度创新,突出"以人为本",法治型和谐体育是应该达至的目标.为此,应该培养体育法伦理文化,建立公平机制,平衡或者制约权力.     

生态文明视域中的生态体育

生态体育是在生态文明观的指引下,沿着自然环境与社会人文环境两个维度对现代体育进行全面反思和多：方面努力而形成的体育理念。生态体育强调体育主体的生态意识和生态思维,注重体育与环境的协调、互动、关怀、共生。生态体育为现代体育的发展方向提供了一种良好的选择,北京奥运会极大地促进了生态体育的实现和完善,生态体育融合了“绿色奥运”“科技奥运”“人文奥运”三大理念,将促使人类社会朝着无污染、和平、公正、科学、和谐的方向发展。     

解释学视域下的体育本质

后现代主义哲学的重要特征就是对生成与差异的强调。其实,体育也处于一种不断生成的状态,这种生成的内在趋力使得体育在不同的语境中获得了不同的含义,这种多元的差异性正是体育本质之争的症结所在。后现代主义者对生成与差异的强调也促使他们认为多维度的描述比单纯的定义更能接近事物的本质。基于这种思考,从解释学的角度论述了体育的4个基本维度,并认为只有紧紧抓住身体、感性、超越以及非生产性这4个维度,并结合特定的情景对体育进行不断描述和解释才能真正地理解体育的本质。     

目前运动训练理论热点问题研究述评

采用文献资料与逻辑推理方法,对当前运动训练学某些热点问题进行了分析和思考.围绕学术界关于竞技状态讨论的焦点即竞技状态的形成规律问题做出评述;阐述我国当前对竞技能力及其结构的研究多从个人角度进行,而较少在集体系统结构上进行揭示与探讨;诊断出运动技术、运动技能、运动技巧内涵上存在着一定差异性;通过"一元训练理论"训练理论与"二元训练理论"训练理论之争论引发的反思,导出二理论是互补的.     

Research methods in sport and exercise psychology: quantitative and qualitative issues

Contemporary aspects of research methods in sport and exercise psychology are discussed in this wide-ranging review. After an introduction centred on trends in sport and exercise psychology methods, the review is organized around the major themes of quantitative and qualitative research. Our aim is to highlight areas that may be problematic or controversial (e.g. stepwise statistical procedures), underused (e.g. discriminant analysis), increasingly used (e.g. meta-analysis, structural equation modelling, qualitative content analysis) and emergent (e.g. realist tales of writing). Perspectives range from the technical and speculative to the controversial and critical. While deliberately not providing a 'cookbook' approach to research methods, we hope to provide enough material to help researchers to appreciate the diversity of potential methods and to adopt a more critical perspective in their own research consumption and production.     

Examining the antecedents of sport team brand equity: A dual-identification perspective

Although the practice of building brand equity in the context of professional sport teams is popular, the formation of sport team brand equity in the sport marketing literature is still relatively unknown and incompletely understood. In this study, the authors propose a dual-identification model to examine the formation of sport team brand equity in an Asia-based professional team sport setting. Baseball fans (N = 548) of the Chinese Professional Baseball League (CPBL) in Taiwan participated in the self-administered survey. A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model analysis revealed that marketplace characteristics (including group experience, salient experience, team history, and fan rituals) and brand-identified-related factors (including self-congruity and team brand prestige) were significantly related to identification with sport team and identification with sport team brand, respectively. In turn, both identification with sport team and identification with sport team brand were significant predictors of sport team brand equity. These findings highlight the importance of studying a dual-identification model in order to understand how sport team brand equity forms and suggest implications for sport team managers.     

"土洋体育"之争的全球化观照

中国历史上的“土洋体育”之争可以视为体育全球化过程中的个案,论争促进了中国体育的现代化及与外来体育的融合,也培养了国人对待外来体育的开放心理。在全球化的视角下,其对本土体育的挑战体现在价值上的差异、社会体制与民族情感的挑战上。土洋体育之争也反映了全球化必须遵循的体育的多样化发展和不同体育文化之间的交流与沟通的原则。     

软法视野下的欧盟体育政策

对软法基本表现形态之一的体育政策在欧盟的适用情况和相关经验进行了分析;介绍了欧盟体育政策的发展历史。欧盟运用软法调整体育事务的原因:欧盟缺乏体育政策的法律基础,利用软法可以照顾到体育领域的独特性从而保证调整的弹性和敏感性,以及得到体育组织的支持。最后,从体育政策的制定主体,体育政策的表现形式,体育政策规范的内容、制定过程和效力上等几方面对相关经验进行分析总结。     

体育本质实践论

从实践的特点——客观实在性、自觉能动性和社会历史性的视角论证了体育是一种实践活动,从而确立了体育的“属人”性,与动物的运动得以区分;在此基础上,从体育实践与实践的基本形式——生产实践在对象、目的、过程和结果等方面的对照,论证了体育是一种改造人类自身的实践活动,从而与其它实践活动相区别,进而从体育的身体运动和身体运动目的的特殊性论证了体育是一种以提升人的物质属性意义上的身体健康水平为主旨的改造人类自身的实践活动,最终揭示了体育的本质。     

系统学视角下区域体育赛事资源整合研究

经济全球化的冲击使区域经济合作的领域不断拓宽.资源整合是区域体育赛事产业合作的主要内容,为更好地进行区域合作的实践,有必要先理清影响资源整合的各类因素.本研究从系统学的角度出发,提出资源整合主体、客体及整合机制等要素共同构成区域体育赛事资源整合系统,该系统受外部环境因素的影响,并发挥着特定的功能,为后续的实证研究构建一个初步的理论分析框架.     

取消全运会:基于体育公共服务的视角

在以人为本的科学发展观的指导下,基于体育应为公共服务的视角,认为取消全运会符合政府职能转变、建设服务型政府的要求,符合体育体制改革的要求,这样可以使各级政府体育部门"有心"为人民服务、"有力"为人民服务,符合最广大人民的根本利益.     

家庭教育视角下透视体育活动的隐性教育作用

从家庭教育的视角出发,以体育的隐性教育作用作为切入点,将体育活动作为一种教育的载体对儿童进行综合教育,探讨儿童在参与体育活动的过程中,体育与其道德礼仪、生活自理及其健康生活方式的养成等方面具有重要的促进作用。