Vertical Ground Reaction Forces of Children during One- and Two-Leg Rope Jumping

Abstract

Sport offers opportunities for children to identify and resolve moral issues. Moral issues in sport have primarily been studied from the researcher's perspective, with the child's perspective relatively ignored. Thus, the purpose of this study was to explore the nature and content of the issues children experienced in sport. Interview participants consisted of 7 boys and 8 girls ranging in age from 10 to 12 years (M = 11.6 years, SD = 1.7) who had competitive youth sport experience. An inductive content analysis revealed that children identified issues surrounding three overall dimensions concerning fairness of adult's actions, negative game behaviors, and negative team behaviors. Specific examples of issues included unfair actions by coaches, disrespecting opponents, and selfish behavior in practice. The self-identified issues both confirmed and expanded upon the content found in hypothetical moral dilemmas in sport.     

体育道德强度与体育专业大学生比赛中亲-反社会行为的关系:体育道德推脱的中介作用

体育道德强度反映了个体对体育情境中道德事件本身道德性质的认知水平,对于个体在运动中的体育道德行为具有重要影响。研究以568名体育专业大学生(男生307名,女生261名,平均年龄=19.1±1.04)为被试进行问卷调查,通过数理统计检验体育道德强度与体育专业大学生比赛中亲-反社会行为之间的关系和体育道德推脱在体育道德强度与比赛中亲-反社会行为关系中的中介作用。结果显示,体育道德强度与体育专业大学生比赛中的亲社会行为之间存在显著正相关,与比赛中的反社会行为之间存在显著负相关;体育道德推脱对体育道德强度和比赛中亲-反社会行为之间关系均表现出了显著的中介效应。研究表明,体育道德强度一方面直接影响体育专业大学生比赛中的亲-反社会行为,另一方面通过体育道德推脱的中介作用对比赛中的亲-反社会行为产生影响。     

Sociocognitive self-regulatory mechanisms governing judgments of the acceptability and likelihood of sport cheating

This study extends previous psychosocial literature (Bandura et al., 2001, 2003) by examining a structural model of the self-regulatory mechanisms governing the acceptability and likelihood of cheating in a sport context. Male and female adolescents (N = 804), aged 15-20 years, took part in this study. Negative affective self-regulatory efficacy influenced the acceptability and likelihood of cheating through the mediating role of moral disengagement, in females and males. Affective efficacy positively influenced prosocial behavior through moral disengagement or through resistive self-regulatory efficacy and social efficacy, in both groups. The direct effects of affective efficacy on beliefs about cheating were only evident in females. These results extend the findings of Bandura et al. (2001, 2003) to the sport context and suggest that affective and resistive self-regulatory efficacy operate in concert in governing adolescents' moral disengagement and transgressive behaviors in sport.     

Moral behaviour in sport: a critical review of the literature

The moral domain comprises behaviours that have consequences for the rights and welfare of others (Turiel, 1983). In this review, research examining such behaviours in the sport context is discussed. Researchers have approached the study of moral behaviour in sport from different theoretical and methodological perspectives. Two approaches that have spawned a considerable number of studies in recent years are Rest's (1984) four-component model of moral action and Bandura's (1991) social cognitive theory of moral thought and action. Research emanating from these approaches is discussed followed by work on good and bad sport behaviours, fair play, and aggression. Within each perspective, the measurement approach to behaviour is described, findings of relevant studies are discussed, and strengths and weaknesses of these studies are identified. The review concludes by identifying emerging trends in the literature and offering directions for future research.     

道德认同、道德推脱、自我定向对大学生体育学习偏差行为影响的实证研究

探讨道德认同、自我定向、道德推脱对大学生体育学习偏差行为的影响,检验多重中介模型适配性。采用道德认同的内在化分量表、运动中任务定向和自我定向问卷的自我定向分量表、体育道德推脱量表和大学生体育学习偏差行为量表,对1537名大学生(年龄20.42±0.532岁;男874人,女663人)进行调查。结果显示:道德认同对大学生体育学习偏差行为的负向影响显著(F=76.668),自我定向、道德推脱对偏差行为的正向影响分别显著(F自我定向=186.899,F道德推脱=137.076);在道德认同影响大学生体育学习偏差行为时,自我定向、道德推脱分别具备部分中介效应,而且,二者的多重中介效应也显著,中介效应分别占总效应的38.10%、5.04%和9.88%,即:道德认同对大学生体育学习偏差行为的间接影响效应占总效应的53.02%。结论:道德认同是改善大学生体育学习偏差行为的心理特质,自我定向、道德推脱是诱发体育学习偏差行为的前因要素;道德认同既可以直接的方式改善大学生体育学习偏差行为,还可以通过抑制道德推脱机制来缓解自我定向,进而有效避免产生体育学习的偏差行为。本研究可为防范和解决体育教学中的诸多潜在问题提供理论参考和实践启示。     

体育活动与青少年道德发展关系

采用问卷调查的方法，研究462名中小学生体育活动次数、时间，能力知觉，动机水平，目标定向与体育道德的关系。发现体育道德存在明显的性别差异．同伴在中小学生的体育道德中影响最大，自我定向与体育道德有明显的负相关，内部动机与体育道德有明显的负相关。如何通过体育活动提高儿童道德水平成为一个主要问题。     

体育与社会资本研究述评

社会资本是社会经济活动中重要角色和重要变量,也是社会学、经济学和管理学领域研究的重点。受社会学、经济学和管理学社会资本研究的影响,近10年来,体育与社会资本的研究也逐渐为体育学界所关注。从研究的分类来看,国外学者对体育与社会资本的研究归纳起来主要有3个方面:体育组织、团体与社会资本之间的关系研究,体育参与与社会资本生成研究,体育参与对社会资本的负面影响研究;国内学者对体育与社会资本的研究类型有:社会资本在体育领域中的影响研究、体育作为重要变量对社会资本形成的影响研究。从研究的范式来看,体育领域所做的体育与社会资本的研究属于基于观察访谈获得事实性材料的经验性研究。从研究的问题域来看,体育与社会资本在研究上还有不少盲点,有很多值得深入研究的问题。     

刍议体育道德推脱

采用文献资料法,以班杜拉的道德推脱理论为切入点,研究体育道德推脱的表现及原因,认为:体育道德推脱包括四个层级八个策略,第一种层级因素是将有害行为重新解释或转化成值得尊敬的行为,包含道德论证、委婉标示和优势对比三个策略;第二种层级因素是违规者致力于降低个人应负的责任,其中包含了责任转移与责任分散两个策略;第三种层级是针对违规行为的后果,而其策略仅有结果扭曲;最后一个层级发生在行动的受害者,包含了非人性和责备归因两个策略。针对体育道德推脱提出了对策性建议:基于价值观的道德训练课、培养运动员的社会取向特质、强化团队的道德潜意识。     

Constructive readings of interactive episodes: examining ethics in physical education from a social constructionist perspective

In this paper we illustrate how ways of thinking about ethics are tied up with sport and physical education practice and introduce an alternative approach that can help to develop ethical pedagogies. We begin by locating socio-moral education in physical education within historical and contemporary pedagogical scholarship. Our argument is that the work of today's physical educators is still shaped by claims that were made about school sport in the nineteenth century and that sport scholars have long had difficulties proving these claims empirically. Rather than search for data that can confirm or refute claims of moral learning, we examine how incidents related to moral behaviour occur during physical education lessons. To do this we draw on data from an ethnographic investigation of a school in North Western Switzerland. Specifically, we present three episodes of interaction in three different physical education lessons. To make sense of these episodes, we introduce a social constructionist perspective. The main assumptions of this perspective are: (1) meanings are created through dialogue and consensus and are context-relative; (2) interactions between people are joint accomplishments; and (3) contexts affect how people interact with one another. Equipped with a constructionist framework, we then inspect the interactive episodes more closely. We include brief discussions of how constructionist understandings might inform ethics pedagogies in the future, suggesting that practitioners should be cautious of universal understandings of ethics, consider pupils as members of communities that are held together by shared practices, provide space for pupils to position themselves differently during lessons and, finally, account for contextual factors when evaluating pupils’ actions.     

Prosocial and antisocial behavior in sport: the role of coaching style, autonomous vs. controlled motivation, and moral disengagement

The purpose of this study was to examine whether the relationships between contextual factors (i.e., autonomy-supportive vs. controlling coaching style) and person factors (i.e., autonomous vs. controlled motivation) outlined in self-determination theory (SDT) were related to prosocial and antisocial behaviors in sport. We also investigated moral disengagement as a mediator of these relationships. Athletes' (n = 292, M = 19.53 years) responses largely supported our SDT-derived hypotheses. Results indicated that an autonomy-supportive coaching style was associated with prosocial behavior toward teammates; this relationship was mediated by autonomous motivation. Controlled motivation was associated with antisocial behavior toward teammates and antisocial behavior toward opponents, and these two relationships were mediated by moral disengagement. The results provide support for research investigating the effect of autonomy-supportive coaching interventions on athletes' prosocial and antisocial behavior.     

试论古代两性观对武术性别角色定位的影响

从母系氏族的男女伙伴关系,到男权本位的礼教形成,两性关系的演变在古代社会中扮演着重要的角色,中国几千年的男女性别刻板印象也直接影响到男女社会活动参与.文章试从古代两性观视角,剖析存在于武术运动中的“阴阳”两性哲学观与以此为基础所形成的男女性别角色定位;阐述武术运动中的“男尊女卑”现象与中原胡化后的两性观所形成的女子尚武风气;论述在传统封建纲常礼教束缚下,女子习武所表现出的女性阳刚之气与其对传统礼教的挑战与突破     

中国3~6岁幼儿运动游戏课程目标体系的理论框架构建：基于三大“核心素养”的价值取向

以培育"核心素养"为价值取向,对符合时代要求的3~6岁幼儿运动游戏课程的目标体系进行了理论框架构建。研究认为,中国3~6岁幼儿运动游戏课程需紧密围绕体育与健康学科"核心素养"提出的"运动能力、健康行为、体育品德"这三大"核心素养"的教育目标,将幼儿分为3-4、4-5、5-6三个阶段,并在遵循幼儿身心发展特点的前提下,对每个阶段分别作出不同维度、详细具体的学习目标设计,即幼儿运动游戏课程所应达到的总目标、分目标和具体目标3个层级的目标内容,构成目标体系的理论框架,勾画出新时代新型健康幼儿的形象,规约幼儿园引导幼儿进行身体活动的方向、内容与方法。     

国家队训练场(馆)标语设置理论、问题与策略

对国家队训练场(馆)标语进行理论研究,探讨其设置理论、问题与策略。研究表明,国家队训练场(馆)标语具有时空性和专项性特点,并以可视化载体形式对运动员实施目视管理;国家队训练场(馆)标语可按内容设置、作用和形式进行分类;国家队训练场(馆)标语设置的影响因素有语言、内容、形式和传播等;国家队训练场(馆)标语可以从有效性、创新性和简洁性等方面来进行评价;目前国家队训练场(馆)标语还存在个别标语内容失当与"不良标语"、标语形式化、标语使用过度和管理机制尚未完善等问题。其改进策略是:1)从语言学视角规范国家队训练场(馆)标语用词;2)从管理学视角加强国家队训练场(馆)标语的看板与目视管理作用;3)从传播学视角拓宽国家队训练场(馆)标语的传播途径;4)从广告学视角完善或改进国家队训练场(馆)标语设计与制作形式。     

Volunteer youth sport coaches' perspectives of coaching education/certification and parental codes of conduct

The vast majority of youth sport programs in the United States relies primarily on parent volunteers to serve as coaches. Unfortunately, most of these volunteer coaches have not received formal training to prepare them adequately for the role of youth sport coach. To exacerbate the issue, according to the popular media, parents and other adults can commit belligerent and even violent acts around, and often resulting from, poorly managed youth sport events. Although some efforts have been made to standardize curricula, provide training for coaches, and contain or prevent inappropriate parent behaviors, few efforts have been directed at investigating the self-described needs and concerns of the coaches from their perspectives. The purpose of the current study was to investigate the concerns and issues of youth sport coaches related to coaching and parental education. Five focus group interviews with 25 volunteer youth sport coaches were conducted to investigate these issues. Results were organized around four higher order themes that emerged from inductive content analyses: (a) coaching education content areas of need, (b) barriers and problems of offering coaching education, (c) coaching education format recommendations, and (d) efficacy of parental codes of conduct. Results were discussed in terms of the potential impact administrators, coaches, and parents could have in implementing formal coaching education programs and developing their coaching education practices.     

Kids speak: preferred parental behavior at youth sport events

News reports (e.g., Abrams, 2008) and scholarly research (e.g., Wiersma & Fife, 2005) have indicated increasing concern that parent-spectator behavior at youth sport events may be problematic. Multiple strategies have been used to influence spectator behavior in youth sport contexts (e.g., "Silent Sundays"). However it is unlikely that interventions aimed at changing parent-spectator behaviors have adequately considered young athletes' perspectives, because little is known about how children want parents to behave during youth sport events. Therefore, children (ages 7-14 years) were asked to describe how parents actually behaved at youth sport events and how they wanted parents to behave. Through grounded theory analysis (Charmaz, 2000), three parent "roles" emerged from the data-supportive parent, demanding coach, and crazed fan.     

Herculean “Myth” Aspects of Athletics

This paper argues that recent treatments of ethics in sport have accorded too much importance to the promotion and portrayal of a sport’s excellences, and too little to the consent of participants First, I consider and reject a fundamental challenge to the idea that consent should play a central role in determining the morality of action in sport – namely, Sean McAleer’s argument to the effect that consent is incapable of rendering normally impermissible actions permissible in sport. I then offer a preliminary examination of the proper relation in the moral evaluation of action in sport between considerations of consent and ‘internalist’ considerations regarding the nature and purpose of sport. Taking as my starting point J.S. Russell’s treatment of this topic, I argue that consent is the more weighty, and in many cases the more fundamental, value and that when it conflicts with internalist considerations, it is consent that takes moral priority.     

Is There a Normatively Distinctive Concept of Cheating in Sport (or anywhere else)?

This paper argues that for the purposes of any sort of serious discussion about immoral conduct in sport very little is illuminated by claiming that the conduct in question is cheating. In fact, describing some behavior as cheating is typically little more than expressing strong, but thoroughly vague and imprecise, moral disapproval or condemnation of another person or institution about a wide and ill-defined range of improper advantage-seeking behavior. Such expressions of disapproval fail to distinguish cheating from many other types of immoral conduct. The discussion shows that we should set the concept aside and assess the moral disapproval implied by claims of cheating by reference to the moral and other principles that underlie the practice of sport. This allows us to consider carefully the complexity of the issues that are raised when allegations of cheating are made and not be distracted by the emotionally loaded, conversation-stopping tendency of the concept. This means that some types of disputes in sport will be messy and demand more effort to resolve, but the payoff will be better informed and more thoughtful discussions and greater awareness of the moral complexity of sport and of its principled underpinnings.     

Teaching virtue through physical education: some comments and reflections

In this paper I explore a number of important implications for a moral pedagogy through sport and physical education. In order to do so, I first reiterate the credentials of a virtue theoretical approach to moral action and moral agency and reinforce the claim that the philosophy and psychology of virtue are best suited to provide the firm ground upon which pedagogy may be constructed. Having briefly sketched these credentials I identify a number of empirically informed issues that pedagogues must be cognisant of when attempting to educate the virtues through sport. Namely (a) the situational sensitivity of virtue and the power of the context over moral action, (b) the psychological diversity and heterogeneity of virtues and the attendant consequences, (c) that there is a necessary diversity of good characters, moral goodness, and therefore the aims of moral education, both in general and in sport should be conceived broadly rather than narrowly and (d) no one person can possess ‘all’ the virtues.     

Deception in Sport: A New Taxonomy of Intra-Lusory Guiles

Almost four decades ago, Kathleen Pearson examined deceptive practices in sport using a distinction between strategic and definitional deception. However, the complexity and dynamic nature of sport is not limited to this dual-categorization of deceptive acts and there are other features of deception in sport unaccounted for in Pearson's constructs. By employing Torres’s elucidation of the structure of skills and Suits's concept of the lusory-attitude, a more thorough taxonomy of in-contest sport deception will be presented. Despite the ubiquitous presence of deception in sport, few scholars have examined this concept in the sport philosophy literature since Pearson’s contribution. This paper hopes to advance a deeper understanding of deceptive practices in competitive sport and also comment on the ethical permissibility of certain sport skills from a moral perspective.     

‘It just makes you feel invincible’: a Foucauldian analysis of children's experiences of organised team sports

The childhood years are highlighted as a crucial time when ongoing participation in physical activity can be nurtured and maintained. The nurturing of a child's proclivity to participate in organised sport normally falls into the domain of adults. While both parents and coaches have been identified as key influences on children's enjoyment of sport, some negative perceptions exist about their roles. Although children's perspectives are increasingly being acknowledged as valuable, it would appear that young children are still marginalised as active participants in areas of health-related research. The primary objective of this study was to give space to children's views of organised sport and to examine how adult behaviours affected these children's enjoyment of sport. This qualitative study utilised eight focus group interviews with a total of 30 children (aged 6–11 years) in the Greater Auckland area of New Zealand. This paper presents a Foucauldian discourse analysis of children's views relating to their sporting experiences. Children articulated three discursive constructions of sport: sport as competition, sport as fun and sport as fair play. The dominance of sport as competition would appear to serve the needs of coaches and parents more than those of children. Coaches who appear to be firmly positioned within a competitive discourse of sport use their power to support coaching practices that clash with the guidelines provided for them by their sporting bodies. Our analysis shows that many children may be exposed to discursive practices that are not conducive to a child-centred sporting environment. Through the exercise of disciplinary measures, there is pressure on children to conform to the normative behaviours associated with a dominant competitive sport discourse.