基于生活化理念创新初中数学教学

新课程在改革过程中,提出了生活化教学的理念,也就是将教学活动与现实生活构建起来,依托于生活素材或工具,实现教学活动的生活化构建.针对初中数学课程而言,实现生活化教学,能够带来多方面的积极作用,这一点需要数学教师清楚认识.本文便对此展开分析,探讨了生活化理念内涵及其对初中数学教学的作用,然后分析初中数学教学基于生活化理念实现创新应该关注的要点,最后提出初中数学教学生活化构建的具体措施,以供参考.     

问题提出:从课程设计到课堂实践

问题提出是数学和其他学科中必不可少的实践活动,它是通过给定的情境来生成和表述问题的过程。虽然国内外的课程标准一致认可问题提出的重要性,但是在教科书和课堂教学中,问题提出既不充分也不连贯。针对这些现状提出的三点建议,为教师和学生从事问题提出活动提供了一个较低的门槛,只需要对普通的数学活动和课程材料进行较小的改动。     

An Analysis of Problem-Posing Tasks in Chinese and US Elementary Mathematics Textbooks

This paper reports on 2 studies that examine how mathematical problem posing is integrated in Chinese and US elementary mathematics textbooks. Study 1 involved a historical analysis of the problem-posing (PP) tasks in 3 editions of the most widely used elementary mathematics textbook series published by People’s Education Press in China over 3 decades. Study 2 compared the PP tasks in Chinese and US elementary mathematics textbooks. This allows for the examination of PP tasks from an international comparative perspective, which provides one point of view about the kinds of learning opportunities that are available to students in China and the USA. We found evidence that the inclusion of PP tasks in the Chinese textbook series reflected, to some degree, changes in the curricular frameworks in China. However, the distribution of PP tasks across grade levels and content areas, as well as the variety of types of PP tasks included, suggest a need for greater intentionality in the design and placement of PP tasks in both the Chinese and US textbook series. Findings from the 2 studies reported in this paper not only contribute to our understanding about the inclusion of PP tasks in curriculum both historically and internationally, but also suggest a great need to systematically integrate PP activities into curriculum and instruction. The fact that both Chinese and US curriculum standards have heavily emphasized PP in school mathematics, despite there being only a small proportion of PP activities in both Chinese and US elementary mathematics curricula, suggests the existence of challenges that are delaying the implementation of reform ideas such as problem posing in school mathematics.     

Engaging pre-service middle-school teacher-education students in mathematical problem posing: development of an active learning framework

Although official curriculum documents make cursory mention of the need for problem posing in school mathematics, problem posing rarely becomes part of the implemented or assessed curriculum. This paper provides examples of how problem posing can be made an integral part of mathematics teacher education programs. It is argued that such programs are a good place to start the process of redesigning mathematics curricula so that school mathematics will pay more than lip service to problem posing. Data are presented and analyzed showing that teacher education students can recognize the need for problem posing both in their own programs and in school mathematics curricula. Examples of problems posed by teacher education students are presented and discussed. An active learning framework for interpreting the role of problem posing in mathematics classrooms is presented.     

小学数学综合实践活动课实施的策略与途径分析

新课改对小学阶段的教育教学事业提出了更加多元、更加多样、更富实践性的具体要求,这促使教师在实际课堂教学中,需要结合具体的学科特性,对实践活动尝试更多选择。本文以此为出发点,围绕小学数学教学活动,探索综合实践活动课在小学数学教学中的实践策略与具体途径。     

Curriculum strategy framework: investigating patterns in teachers’ use of a reform‐based elementary mathematics curriculum

The goal of this paper is to introduce the curriculum strategy framework as a way to characterize teachers’ interactions with curriculum materials. The framework focuses on three key interpretive activities: reading, evaluating, and adapting curriculum materials. Describing an individual teacher’s curriculum strategy involves identifying the manner in which a teacher engages with each of these activities before, during, and after instruction. This paper presents the results of a study in which the framework was used to identify patterns in the curriculum strategies of 10 elementary‐school teachers who were using a reform‐based mathematics curriculum for the first time. It concludes with directions for further research using the curriculum strategy framework, and implications of this work for curriculum designers.     

初探小学数学学段差异与小组合作学习

新的数学教学课程标准明确规定,小学生学习数学知识,不能够单纯地依赖记忆来完成学习任务,必须经过动手实践活动、自主探索活动、合作交流活动等方式,获取数学知识。那么在这个思想理念的指导下,小学数学老师就应该在课堂上,科学合理地运用小组合作学习的方法,实践活动的教学方法,提高课堂教学的效率。     

分形几何课程实验报告

分形几何在我国当前的中学课程改革中应如何定位,是我们亟需研究的问题.分形几何初步进入中学课程是完全可行性,分形几何具有较高的教育价值,表现在:可以开拓学生的数学视野;培养学生的创新思维;发展学生的辩证思维;培养学生的审美情趣.此外,开设分形几何初步还有利于信息技术与数学课程内容的整合.     

中学数理融合教学的概念、体系和实施

中学数理融合教学是新课程改革国家要求“改变课程结构过于强调学科本位、科目过多和缺乏整合的现状”前提下产生的一种教学形式。中学数理融合教学过程强调多样性、聚合性和创新性,具有多元化的教学特征,是学科整合背景下对数学和物理的知识、思维、方法的再组织和提炼。中学数理融合教学体系的功能是筛选和整合教学对象、教学内容、课程设置、呈现方式、教学范式、教学评价和教学保障等要素,促进数理学科融合教学活动的有效实施,提升学生的创新性素养。中学数理融合教学的实施路径为:探索新的学科融合教学方法,优化课程设计;开发建设数理融合校本课程;组建融合型创新学习团队,实行“联合培养”模式;开展数理融合科研课题研究,产学研相结合发展创新能力;建立促进学科融合发展的教学机制。     

The computer as a cultural influence in mathematical learning

My starting point in this paper is that there is a cultural gap between the mathematics that children do as part of their everyday experience and the mathematics that they learn at school; my thesis is that the computer has (perhaps uniquely) the potential to bridge this divide. The paper will examine the cultural impact-both actual and potential-of the computer on children's mathematical education; at the ways in which the introduction of the computer does and will changes the ambient space in which children learn mathematics.I begin with a brief discussion of the cultural context of mathematics learning and the relationship between informal, everyday mathematical activity, and formal, school mathematies. This perspective leads to a closer examination of what it means to do mathematics, and on the relationship of a technology to the mathematics embedded within a given culture. I discuss the issue of injecting meaning into mathematical activity, and then examine some ways in which the computer might offer a solution to this central problem. Next, I give some examples of the influence of the computer on the culture of the mathematics classroom. Finally, I suggest some of the outstanding issues of research and curriculum development which remain.This paper is based on substantially the same data as is discussed in an article inCultural Dynamics.     

我国中小学数学课程中“问题提出”的演变——基于课程标准(教学大纲)的分析

中小学数学课程标准(教学大纲)中对“问题提出”的相关要求影响教科书的编写、教师的教和学生的学。采用内容分析法,对10份涉及“问题提出”的中小学数学课程标准(教学大纲)进行编码,通过定量、定性统计分析发现,中小学数学课程文件中对“问题提出”重视程度逐渐提高,建构起了从宏观到微观的“问题提出”体系;内容表述由单一逐步转向综合;目标要求由模糊笼统趋向于明确具体。未来还需要提高数学课程标准中“问题提出”的实践性;增强课程标准和教科书中“问题提出”的一致性;促进教师成为好的“问题提出”者。     

20世纪二三十年代我国中学数学课程本土化的反思

我国现代中学数学课程的建立和初步发展是在20世纪二三十年代,这一时期中学数学课程所具有的东西方文化兼容并包的特点,是中学数学课程本土化的反映。中学数学课程的本土化历程为我们从社会发展需要、教育现实和教育传统的角度提出了借鉴和反思。     

School mathematics in the era of globalization

This essay reviews the principles motivating contemporarycritical mathematics discourses. Drawing from varied critical discourses including ethno-mathematics, critical theory, post-structural theory, and situated and ecological cognition, the essay examines the pragmatics of critiques to the privileged role of school mathematics in the era of globalization. Critiques of modern school curricula argue that globalization practices linking education to technological and economic development are increasing, and the curriculum is being re-defined through discourses of privatization, national standards, and global competitiveness. Globalization has reinforced the utilitarian approach to school mathematics and the Western bias in the prevailing mathematics curricula, as well as helped to globalize pervasive mathematical ideologies. In most instances, a newfound status that mathematics is enjoying in this era of globalization is not well deserved, as school mathematics can no longer be considered culturally, socially, politically, nor economically neutral. In particular, school mathematics is increasingly critiqued as a cultural homogenizing force, a critical filter for status, a perpetuator of mistaken illusions of certainty, and an instrument of power. With such concerns it is becoming more evident that mathematics learning and education have implications for building just and democratic societies. As an African female scholar who is now living in Canada, I reflect on what the critical stance might mean for contexts with which I am familiar. I discuss the challenges of school mathematics with a view to improving curriculum and pedagogy so as to raise the awareness of teachers and learners to the questionable assumptions from which mathematics derives its prestige. The mathematics curriculum is central to cultivating values as well as fostering the conscientization of learners.     

师范院校中学数学教育类课程体系的构建

基础教育数学课程改革已在全国推广,高中数学课程内容变化很大,这必然影响师范院校的中学数学教育类课程的设置、针对目前师范院校教学专业课程设置的现状,提出中学数学教育类课程设置应分技能模块、理论模块、专题模块等三个类别．并提出了教学上的建议。     

从高考试卷看中学数学教学

2003年高考理科数学有偏难的一面，但也反映了课改的新理念及发展方向，暴露出中学数学教学中存在的一些问题，为中学数学教学提供了重要参考。因此必须更新教学观念，探求中学数学教学的新思路。     

A Conceptual Approach to Teaching Mathematics to Students With Intellectual Disability

Swedish compulsory school for students with intellectual disability (ID) has been criticized for focusing on care and not presenting the students with enough knowledge-related challenges. The purpose of this study is to investigate how a conceptually-based mathematics curriculum can be interpreted and constructed for students with ID. A total of 18 mathematics lessons in 6 classes for students with ID were filmed, and the teachers were interviewed in connection with the lessons. A qualitative content analysis approach was used to identify aspects of mathematical competency content and to analyze the teaching. Three major groups of teaching strategies are identified: pedagogical mathematics activities, focusing on students’ perceptions of mathematical content, and encouraging dialogue between students.     

Variables related to the decision of young adults with learning disabilities to participate in postsecondary education

This article examines the relationship between specific factors and the decision to participate in postsecondary education by young adults with learning disabilities. Data concerning 539 subjects with learning disabilities were included in this study. T test and chi square indicated that involvement in extracurricular activities while in high school, use of community resources, intelligence quotient, and reading and mathematics grade equivalent scores were important factors that differentiated between subjects choosing to participate or not to participate in postsecondary education during the year after high school. Implications and recommendations for secondary school curriculum are discussed.     

Spatial Thinking in Practice: A Snapshot of teacher's Spatial Activity Use in the Early Years' Classroom

Spatial thinking predicts Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics achievement, yet is often absent from educational policy. We provide benchmarks of teachers' usage and perceptions of spatial activities in practice in the reception classroom (first year of primary school). In this questionnaire study of educational professionals working in the reception classroom in England (N = 104), we found that spatial and numeracy activities were perceived as significantly less important, and were reportedly completed significantly less often, than literacy or life skills. Despite the lower perceived importance of spatial skills in curriculum guidance in England, rates of reported spatial activity use were encouragingly high and were broadly comparable to those of numeracy. Teachers had moderate anxiety levels for both spatial and mathematics domains. The findings highlight a need to elevate teachers' understanding of the importance of developing children's early spatial and numeracy skills, which may begin with efforts to reduce spatial and mathematics anxiety.     

高校专业课程建设模糊综合评判方法研究

高校专业课程建设评估是一个复杂的综合评价问题,由于课程建设涉及的因素较多,且有些因素具有模糊性难以直接量化,因此,引入模糊数学理论,构建了高校课程建设评估的因素体系、权重、评估等级,建立了模糊综合评判模型,并通过实例分析验证了该方法具有一定的科学性、实用性。