高校教师对形成性评价的建议与看法

为了解我国高校教师对形成性评价的认识情况,为高校开展形成性评价提供参考,通过问卷调查全国19所高校385位教师对形成性评价的认识、意见和建议.结果显示,93.25％的教师认为形成性评价有助于了解学生的学习情况,75.06％的教师更支持使用形成性评价,尤其是教龄在20年以上、课堂结束会进行小测的教师,71.17％的教师认...     

国外农民远程培训项目对我国的启示

一些发达国家(如美国、法国等)和发展中国家(如印度、越南、土耳其等)在开展农民远程培训方面具有丰富的实践经验。经过分析这些国家的农民远程培训的一些具体项目,并结合我国农民远程培训的实际情况,我们提出了在我国开展农民远程培训的四点政策性建议:政府要加大在农民远程培训方面的资金投入并发挥主导作用;在我国发达农村地区可以先进行基于互联网的农民远程培训的试点;卫星电视网依然在我国农民远程培训中具有不可替代的地位和作用;应重视与农民的互动并不断完善形成性和总结性评价。     

论"形成性评价"

文章介绍了形成性评的基本特征,对形成性评价与终结性评价进行了较为详细的对比分析。认为形成性评价对我国外语教学理论、教学方法、学习理论都将产生不可估量的影响,将大大有利于我国外语教学从知识传授型向能力培养型的转化。     

Im/proper Accountability: Towards a theory of critical literacy and assessment

While critical literacy has recently become a pervasive discourse in policy and professional materials, there remains a most surprising silence about the theory and practice of assessment of students' performances and products in critical literacy classrooms. As the title of this paper suggests, our purpose is to move towards a theory of critical literacy and assessment, with the focus of the latter being on formative assessment designed to enhance classroom learning. Specifically, our intention is not to privilege either critical literacy or formative assessment theory, but rather to critique each from the vantage point of the other. In this way, we challenge various silences to speak about: the teaching-learning contract; mastery and apprenticeship; a dialogic relationship between teacher and student; and values and evaluation. In examining current theorising of the bases of formative assessment of students and critical literacy, we identify and explore tensions in that practice of assessment, and suggest a way beyond apparent impasses. Central to the discussion is a redefining of the nature of accountability in the theory and practice of critical literacy and assessment.     

Making formative assessment discernable to pre‐service teachers of science

The purpose of this pragmatic action research study was to explore our re‐conceptualization efforts in preparing pre‐service teachers to guide the inquiry process with formative assessment and subsequently use the understandings to improve our teacher preparation program. The process was guided by two questions: to what extent did course re‐conceptualization efforts lead to a more informed understanding of formative assessment by pre‐service teachers and did strategies enacted in the re‐conceptualized methods course foster or hinder pre‐service teachers' understanding of formative assessment? Data from this study support the following findings: (1) a substantial pre‐ to post‐methods course difference was realized in the pre‐service teachers' understanding of formative assessment; (2) explicit and contextualized approaches to formative assessment in the methods course led to increased understandings by pre‐service teachers; (3) an implicit approach led to improvements in course structure but did not foster pre‐service teachers' understanding of the reflexive nature of formative assessment; and (4) a field‐based case study on elementary science teaching both hindered and fostered our efforts with formative assessment. This study yields implications for pre‐service teacher education on formative assessment. To foster pre‐service teachers' knowledge and skills, we suggest explicit instruction on formative assessment combined with case studies, field experiences, and ongoing reflection. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 47: 402–421, 2010     

Responding to the Challenges Posed by Summative Teacher Candidate Evaluation: A collaborative self-study of practicum supervision by faculty

In our pre-service department, university practicum supervisors are faculty members who offer academic, social, and personal support to teacher candidates during their year-long program. Their role is described as one designed primarily to provide formative assessment and feedback to improve classroom practice and reflection on practice. This collaborative self-study describes how two new faculty members responded to the challenges posed by the teacher candidate evaluation process. Methods used included formal tape-recorded discussions during meetings of the self-study group of newly hired faculty, email correspondence, field notes, feedback from public forums about our work, and teacher candidate insights concerning the practicum evaluation process conducted by faculty. New strategies were developed to address the tensions associated with using summative evaluations in a formative framework and to improve practice during faculty practicum supervision.     

Formative evaluation of instructional development

Summary In this paper we have tried to describe the research pertinent to the activity of formative evaluation. While the number of good examples of formative evaluation is expanding, the level of research into the process is relatively limited. Perhaps a compromise to the difficult task of accumulating research data on formative evaluation might be suggested. When formative evaluation activities have been successful in terms of program effects and staff satisfaction, then detailed technical reports might be made available to the evaluation public. Formative evaluation might improve as a consequence of the technology developed in the course of finding solutions to development data problems. Both the increase in technology as a result of dissemination of successful procedures and the pursuit of experimental research on the process of evaluation might ultimately remove formative evaluation recommendations from the realm of seers and clairvoyants and thrust it closer to, if not into, the domain of scientific application. This article is the second ERIC/AVCR Annual Review Paper, preparation of which was supported by the ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center) Clearinghouse on Media and Technology, Stanford University, Stanford, California. The authors acknowledge with appreciation the assistance of Laura Spooner and Bea Kass.     

Cognitive Style FD/FI as a Learner Selection Criterion in Formative Evaluations A Qualitative Analysis

Single–subject formative evaluation appears to be a cost–effective strategy for improving instructional products. However, the criterion to use for selecting an appropriate test subject who could generate optimal feedback data for improving the instructional product remains a central concern among performance technologists. This article reports the results of a qualitative study of the effectiveness of the cognitive style construct field–dependent/independent as a student selection criterion in formative evaluation. In the study, we collected formative evaluation data from two field–dependent (FD) and two field–independent (FI) test subjects while they were individually interacting with a CAI package. We focused on four different sources of data: think–aloud protocols, researcher/subject interactions, informal observations, and debriefing interviews. Our analysis of the formative evaluation data indicates that the FI individuals were better test subjects than their FD counterparts. FI subjects showed a great deal of confidence in entering the formative evaluation process. Their feedback was abundant and precise and included specific suggestions for improving the material. They not only identified their own difficulties but also speculated about difficulties other students may encounter. In contrast, the FD subjects were anxious and demonstrated less confidence in approaching the evaluation activities. Frequent probing was necessary to trigger their reactions and generate their feedback. Their feedback data were vague, and more inferences were required for translating them into revision decisions. Both FD and FI subjects could identify major discrepancies in the presentation of the material (events of learning) as well as gross misconceptions in the processing of information. Although the FD and FI feedback data differ both qualitatively and quantitatively, no conflicting observation was made.     

Exploring the potential of a computer tool for instructional developers

Information and communication technology tools currently permeate almost every professional domain. Those geared toward the field of instructional development have emerged in recent years. This article explores the potential for linking the domains of computer support and instructional development.This article reports on the design and evaluation of CASCADE (Computer Assisted Curriculum Analysis, Design and Evaluation), a computer system that supports instructional developers during formative evaluation efforts. Five prototypes of CASCADE were created and evaluated on the basis of their validity (reflection of state-of-the-art knowledge and internal consistency); practicality (ability to meet the needs, wishes and contextual constraints of the target group); and effectiveness (improved user task performance).The results of this study suggest that the use of CASCADE could: (a) improve the consistency of formative evaluation plans and activities; (b) motivate developers by elevating their confidence in using formative evaluation activities; (c) save time; and (d) help to provide justifications for decisions made.     

教师信念研究的进展与走向分析

近20年来国内外以教师信念为主题的研究取得了一些进展。主要表现在:1.研究的广度上,从教师信念的定义、结构、类型、影响因素,到形成机制都进行了广泛的研究;2.研究的视角发生了变化,跨学科研究越来越多;3.研究方法上,实证研究日益占据主导地位,也取得了一些让人信服的结论;4.教师信念研究成为教师成长研究中的新热点。     

基于网络的课程形成性考核改革研究

基于网络的课程形成性考核是远程开放教育教学改革的重要内容之一。“高级英语写作”课程是中央广播电视大学开放教育本科英语专业形成性考核改革课程。根据现行外语教学形成性考核教学改革的特点和原则,通过实验方法比较了该课程试点与非试点学员的考试成绩,对基于网络环境下课程形成性考核试点的优势与劣势进行分析。     

Integrating formative evaluation into a learner-centred revision course

This article describes a learner-centred course which ran in summer 1988. It was ostensibly a revision exercise, using computer assisted learning (CAL), but an element of formative evaluation was deliberately built into the process, making it contribute to our systematic review and development of our teaching. Our aim was to take snapshots of learning at different stages, through a short but intensive revision class in mathematics for engineering and science undergraduates at a Scottish university
The CALM Project—Computer Aided Learning in Mathematics—has produced 2 5 software units to enhance the teaching of calculus to large groups of undergraduates. The CALM software was piloted by one group of students and a formative evaluation of the packages has been reported elsewhere (Beevers et al 1987, Beevers et al 1988a). This revision course enabled us to confirm many of the previous evaluation findings on the CALM software; we also discovered that a round-up session on problem-solving is an important and integral part of the learning process. The evaluation proved useful to us as teachers of mathematics, and has already influenced the future development of our CAL work.     

Read-Think-Aloud Protocols: A New Data-Source for Formative Evaluation

Traditional approaches to formative evaluation include one-to-one trials which provide some information about revisions that are needed in instructional materials, but typically fail to provide sufficient information about the learner's cognitive processing problems while studying the materials. Read-think-aloud methods are a viable alternative to traditional one-to-ones and provide valuable information about the learner's cognitive processing while reading instructional text. In this paper we describe the read-think-aloud method of formative evaluation and offer suggestions for its use.     

依托网络平台《电工电子基础》形成性评价教学的探索与实施

随着我国教育体制多元化改革的不断推进,人才培养模式的进一步创新,课程形成性评价教学被越来越多的教育工作者重视并在教学活动中积极实践。文章在充分调研影响《电工电子基础》教学的多方面因素基础上,科学制定形成性教学评价体系,依托《电工电子基础》网络平台,在实际教学中有效实施形成性评价教学。通过对形成性评价教学前后相关数据分析,按照形成性评价体系实施教学,能够激发学生在教学过程中的参与性、主动性,切实提高学生学习兴趣,提高教学效果。     

中学信息技术课程形成性学习评价研究

信息技术课程兼有学科课程、综合课程和活动课程的特点,这些特点以及传统学科固有的评价方式使得中学信息技术课程的学习评价和传统学科的学习评价一样,重视终结性评价忽视形成性评价。即便是有些教师采用了形成性评价,其在评价操作过程中也遇到很大的困难,使得信息技术课程学生学业形成性评价流于形式。文章提出信息技术课程学生学业形成性评价的实施方法,希望能为工作在信息技术课程教学一线的教师起到一定的参考价值及其借鉴作用。     

Reclaiming an Important Teacher Competency: The Lost Art of Formative Assessment

We live in an era in which standardized assessments play a necessary and important role in the mission of our public schools to provide equal and equitable educational opportunity to all students. However, our focus on summative accountability measures often has an eclipsing effect on the equally important role of formative assessment practices in the classroom. This article describes why and how formative assessment should be integral to classroom teaching, and it suggests the importance of focusing on teachers’ instructionally-based, formative assessment competencies through our teacher evaluation systems.     

现代远程教育中形成性评价的现状及对策研究

课程评价是网络教育中学生评价的重要内容,也是网络教育教学质量的保证。目前我国现代远程教育的课程评价仍然侧重于终结性评价,对形成性评价的重视程度不足。在对16所试点高校网络教育学院的调研中,从各网院的形成性评价和终结性评价的比例、内容、形式的分析中证实,这些试点高校开始重视形成性评价。实践表明,形成性评价对学生学习起着重要作用,是保证学习质量的一个关键环节。针对调研中发现的问题,加强形成性评价的策略是：对形成性评价正确定位、从教学设计和技术角度加强学习参与度评价、建立健全形成性评价的反馈机制,不断推进和创新形成性评价工作。     

Evaluate to improve: useful approaches to student evaluation

Many teachers in higher education use feedback from students to evaluate their teaching, but only some use these evaluations to improve their teaching. One important factor that makes the difference is the teacher’s approach to their evaluations. In this article, we identify some useful approaches for improving teaching. We conducted focus groups with award-winning university teachers who use student evaluations to improve their teaching, and we identified how they approach their evaluation data. We found that these teachers take a reflective approach, aiming for constant improvement, and see their evaluation data as formative feedback, useful for improving learning outcomes for their students. We summarise this as the improvement approach, and we offer it for other teachers to emulate. We argue that if teachers take this reflective, formative, student-centred approach, they can also use student evaluations to improve their teaching, and this approach should be fostered by institutions to encourage more teachers to use student evaluations to improve their teaching.     

英语分级教学模式下评价体系的构建与研究

在进行分级教学模式的改革实践中,构建了以促进学生发展为目标、反复循环的动态评价体系,该体系采取形成性评价与终结性评价相结合的形式.其中,形成性评价占40％,终结性评价占60％.形成性评价由课堂表现、网络自主学习、作业、月考和竞赛构成,各指标分别占20％.评价体系实施后,学生在英语学习兴趣、学习态度、学习策略以及自信心方面都得到了明显提升和改进.