Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (PHORS): Reliability,Validity and Invariance

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (PHORS). Data for PHORS were collected from three different trail sites (Appalachian Trail, Pacific Crest Trail, and First Landing State Park) during three separate time periods, allowing for cross-validation and invariance testing. Exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and invariance testing procedures were conducted. The results indicate that PHORS, with 13 items across three underlying factors, showed high reliability and strong evidences of validity. Full configural and metric invariance indicated the factor loading pattern. The measurement properties of PHORS were generally invariant across recreation participants using different trails, situating PHORS as a potential instrument that can be used in various outdoor recreation trail settings.     

Development and Preliminary Validation of the Time Management for Exercise Scale

The purpose of this study was to collect preliminary validity evidence for a time management scale for exercise. An initial pool of 91 items was developed from existing literature. Ten exercise/health psychologists evaluated each of the items in terms of relevance and representativeness. Forty-nine items met all criteria. Exploratory factor analysis of the initial pool of items with a sample of 501 undergraduate students revealed an interpretable 32-item, 4-factor solution: exercise importance, exercise documentation, perceived ability to manage time for exercise, and setting exercise goals. Internal consistency values ranged from 0.73 to 0.91. Time management for exercise appears to be related to exercise behavior as indicated by moderate correlations between each of the subscales and exercise behavior.     

Factorial Validity and Invariance Testing of the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised in Swedish and Portuguese Exercisers

The present study investigated the factorial validity and factorial invariance of the 21-item Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised using 162 Swedish and 269 Portuguese exercisers. In addition, the prevalence of exercise dependence symptoms and links to exercise behavior, gender, and age in the two samples was also studied. Confirmatory factor analyses demonstrated that the hypothesized 7-factor model made a good fit to data in both samples. Multi-sample analyses supported partial measurement invariance across the samples; only factor loadings involving items 3 and 19 were noninvariant. The “Reduction in Other Activities” and “Lack of Control” factors were the most problematic scales in terms of average variance explained and reliability measures of weighted omega and Cronbach's alpha. In total, 9.2% of the Swedish sample and 5.2% of the Portuguese sample were classified as at risk for exercise dependence. Overall, the results support the factorial validity of the translated Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised in samples outside North-America, although more research is needed.     

Factor Structure of the Exercise Self-Efficacy Scale

The current study utilized exercise self-efficacy ratings from undergraduate students to assess the factor structure of the Self-Efficacy to Regulate Exercise Scale (Bandura, 1997, 2006). An exploratory factor analysis (n = 759) indicated a two-factor model solution and three separate confirmatory factor analyses (n = 1,798) supported this assertion. However, a bifactor analysis simultaneously estimating factor loadings on a general factor and two subfactors (Emotional Issues and External Influences) indicated that the Self-Efficacy to Regulate Exercise Scale is best interpreted using the general factor and subfactors together. Additionally, structural equation models (n = 2,294) relating exercise self-efficacy and completed exercise support the assertion that a bifactor model provides the most accurate information. This study is the first to assess the factor structure of the Self-Efficacy to Regulate Exercise Scale using common factor analysis and bifactor techniques and provides evidence for the use of general factor and subfactors.     

锻炼行为模型在锻炼心理学研究中的应用分析

对锻炼心理学领域构建的锻炼行为模型进行了应用分析,阐述了每一个锻炼行为模型的优点和缺陷之处。锻炼行为模型的构建对锻炼心理学的发展都起有重要的推动作用,对制定体育锻炼干预措施可提供理论性参考知识。     

The Development of a Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM)

The aim of this research was to develop an exercise-related goal orientation measure in an attempt to further researchers' and practitioners' current understanding of individuals' motivation to exercise for health and recreational purposes. The Goal Orientation in Exercise Measure (GOEM) was developed to assess individuals' proneness to endorse task or ego goals. Participants included 372 males and females from 16 recreational physical activity clubs in Southeast England. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) supported the two-factor model and demonstrated invariance between sexes. Internal consistency for task and ego subscales was .78 and .88, respectively, while correlations between the goal orientations and behavioral regulations (Markland & Tobin, 2004 Markland, D. and Tobin, V. 2004. A modification to the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 26: 191–196. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]) served to provide initial evidence for the construct validity of the measure. The development of the GOEM may allow for a broader understanding of the motivational processes implicated in exercise-related domains.     

大学生体育锻炼变化阶段（连续性测量）量表的修正研究

根据心理测量原理和变化阶段理论,对英文量表Stage of Change(Continuous Measure)Scale进行了本土化的修订,编制为中文版量表。分别对上海和北京部分高校的300名和550名大学生进行第一版和第二版的测试,采用因素分析和相关分析等统计方法进行了信效度的分析。结果表明:中文版“大学生体育锻炼变化阶段(连续性测量)量表”具有较高的信效度,是测量大学生锻炼变化阶段的有效工具。     

Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of a 10-Item Decisional Balance Scale: Longitudinal and Subgroup Examination Within an Adult Diabetic Sample

This study explores the longitudinal and subgroup measurement properties of a 10-item, physical activity decisional balance scale, previously published by Plotnikoff, Blanchard, Hotz, and Rhodes (2001 Plotnikoff, R. C., Blanchard, C., Hotz, S. B. and Rhodes, R. 2001. Validation of the decisional balance scales in the exercise domain from the Transtheoretical Model: A longitudinal test. Measurement in Physical Education and Exercise Science, 5: 191–206. [Taylor & Francis Online] , [Google Scholar]), within a diabetic sample of Canadian adults. Results indicated that a three-factor measurement model consistently improved model fit compared to the previously published two-factor model. Evidence of configural, metric, and scalar measurement invariance across time and among subgroups suggests that the 10-item decisional balance scale is appropriate for investigating associative relationships with other constructs and for comparing group means of the pros and cons subscales among a variety of diabetic population subgroups.     

运动心理技能的特征及其训练的现状

本文探讨了心理技能的含义及其作用与意义；运动心理技能的含义、特征及分类；运动心理技能训练的现状与需要解决的问题。     

Psychometric Support for the Ownership in Exercise and Empowerment in Exercise Scales

This study's purpose was to examine the psychometric properties of two new scales developed to quantitatively measure participants' ownership in exercise classes and empowerment, with respect to exercise. These two outcome measures will compliment Achievement Goal Perspective Theory (AGPT) grounded research to better understand participants' exercise experiences. College exercise class participants (N?=?414; M _age = 21.25 years; 63% female) completed the survey during the last two weeks of a semester. Measurement invariance was assessed by a two-group (i.e., male and female) confirmatory factor analysis and used Mplus' cluster option to account for the data's nested nature. Strong invariance was achieved, which provided psychometric evidence for the ownership and empowerment in exercise measures. Additional validity support was provided by the ownership and empowerment latent relationships aligning with the researchers' a priori hypotheses. These results provide preliminary validity evidence for the Ownership in Exercise Scale (OES) and Empowerment in Exercise Scale (EES).     

运动认知水平心理测评量表的初步编制及相关分析

针对现代运动心理及训练领域中运动认知的发展认识,通过文献资料调研、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,初步建立我国运动员运动认知水平的心理测评量表,内容分为运动表象、注意能力、运动知觉及思维能力等4个方面,并探讨不同性别、不同级别及项目运动员在运动认知上的差异现象,明确了运动认知各维度的具体作用及其特征,为后续研究提供参考工具。     

Development and Psychometric Testing of the Dogs and WalkinG Survey (DAWGS)

Purpose

Dog owners represent 40% of the population, a promising audience to increase population levels of physical activity. The purpose of this study was to develop and test the psychometric properties of a new instrument to assess social-cognitive theory constructs related to dog walking.

Method

Dog owners (N = 431) completed the Dogs and WalkinG Survey (DAWGS). Survey items assessed dog-walking behaviors and self-efficacy, social support, outcome expectations, and outcome expectancies for dog walking. Test–retest reliability was assessed among 252 (58%) survey respondents who completed the survey twice. Factorial validity and factorial invariance by age and walking level were tested using confirmatory factor analysis.

Results

DAWGS items demonstrated moderate test–retest reliability (ρ = .39–.79; k = .41–.89). Acceptable model fit was found for all subscales. All subscales were invariant by age and walking level, except self-efficacy, which showed mixed evidence of invariance.

Conclusions

The DAWGS is a psychometrically sound instrument for examining individual and interpersonal correlates of dog walking.     

Reliability and validity of the German language version of Girls' Disinclination for Physical Activity Scale

Abstract

The high prevalence of insufficient physical activity (PA) among adolescents is an important public health issue. Studying reasons for disliking PA might help researchers better understand its underlying mechanisms, yet this psychological construct has been understudied. This study established the psychometric properties of the German language version of the Girls' Disinclination for Physical Activity Scale (G-DAS-Ger). Data were collected on a sample of 257 adolescent girls in Austria (mean age: 13.0 ± 0.7 years) using the G-DAS-Ger and the Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale. One week after the first assessment, the questionnaires were re-administered to 78 girls. Between two administrations, PA of 215 girls was monitored for seven consecutive days using the ActiGraph GT3X+ accelerometers. Confirmatory factor analysis of G-DAS-Ger showed good fit for a three-factor model (χ²/df = 2.025; Bollen–Stine (B-S) p = 0.159; root mean square error of approximation = 0.063; standardised root mean square residual = 0.054; comparative fit index = 0.950). Cronbach's alphas for G-DAS-Ger factors/subscales ranged 0.64–0.76. The test–retest reliability assessed by Spearman's rank correlation ranged 0.62–0.75. Only one subscale correlated significantly with vigorous-intensity PA (Spearman's rho = ?0.16) and none with moderate-to-vigorous-intensity PA, which indicated poor predictive validity of the G-DAS-Ger. Correlations between G-DAS-Ger subscales and enjoyment of PA ranged from ?0.29 to ?0.41, indicating satisfactory convergent validity. The G-DAS-Ger may be used in its present form to assess disinclination for PA among adolescent girls in German-speaking countries. However, our results put into question the stability of the originally proposed factor structure of the questionnaire and its predictive validity among German-speaking adolescent girls. Methodological refinements to the G-DAS-Ger may be required to improve its psychometric properties in this population.     

Developing a Scale of Perception of Sexual Abuse in Youth Sports (SPSAYS)

A scale was developed to measure perceptions of sexual abuse in youth sports by assessing (a) the perceived prevalence of sexual abuse committed by pedophilic youth sport coaches, (b) the perceived likelihood that a coach is a pedophile, (c) perceptions on how youth sport organizations should manage the risk of pedophilia, and (d) media influence on participant perception. Two studies were conducted for (a) the formulation of the conceptual framework, (b) the development of preliminary items, (c) an exploratory factor analysis, and (d) a confirmatory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The first data set (n?=?223) was used for exploratory factor analysis, and four factors (i.e., Management, Prevalence, Influence, and Likelihood) with 15 items emerged. With an independent sample (n?=?209), confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling were conducted and found strong support for the scale's psychometric properties, including, convergent validity, predictive validity, and reliability. Theoretical and practical implications were discussed along with study limitations and suggestions for future studies.     

TTM理论量表在体育锻炼领域的标准化研究

引入在西方被广泛研究的TTM((the transtheortical model,跨理论模型)理论,将其作为研究的理论基础,应用到体育锻炼领域中,以我国普通高校大学生为研究对象,进行该量表的翻译和实证性标准化研究.标准化后的量表结果有较好的信度和效度,经重新整合编制适合我国大学生体育锻炼行为变化的4个阶段,这与国外研究的体育锻炼行为变化5个阶段有一定的差异,从中启示今后对于国外的研究量表不能简单地生搬硬套到国内的研究项目中,还必须根据现实国情的考究、检验、标准化后才可以达到理想效果,才能科学指导体育锻炼者实施锻炼计划,也有必要进行后续深入的研究.     

Examination of the Psychometric Properties of the Chinese Translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2

The present study was designed to examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 (Markland & Tobin, 2004 Markland, D. and Tobin, V. J. 2004. A modification of the Behavioural Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire to include an assessment of amotivation. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 26: 191–196. [Crossref], [Web of Science ®] , [Google Scholar]). A sample of Chinese university students (N?=?555) was invited to take part in this study. Confirmatory factor analysis was employed to examine the factorial validity, and the results supported the 5-factor structure of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Examination of the 95% confidence interval of the inter-factor correlations suggested that the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 assesses related but distinct constructs, which provided support for the discriminant validity. Composite reliability values of subscales were all over .75, which suggested that internal consistency reliability of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 was acceptable. Examination of the pattern of inter-factor correlations between different regulations suggested that the simplex-like pattern was displayed, which provided evidence for the nomological validity of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2. Examination of the correlations of different regulations with affective and behavioral outcomes provided further support for the nomological validity. Multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was conducted to examine the gender invariance of Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2, and the results suggested that the factor loadings and factor variances and covariances of the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2 measurement model to be invariant across male and female participants. Overall, the study provided initial psychometric evidence for the Chinese-translated Behavioral Regulation in Exercise Questionnaire-2.     

Initial Validation of the Teacher/Coach Role Conflict Scale

The study of teacher/coach role conflict has a long history in the physical education literature. However, only a few studies have measured the construct using psychometric instrumentation. Ryan (2008) created one such instrument, but the survey was not validated prior to use. As such, the purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the factorial, convergent, and divergent validity of Ryan’s (2008) Teacher/Coach Role Conflict Scale. Participants included 194 teacher/coaches who taught a variety of academic subjects. Preliminary analyses indicated that there were no differences among participants with reference to gender, teaching affiliation, school context, or school level. Results from confirmatory factor analysis indicated that, after the specification of a correlated error, the hypothesized model was a good fit for the data, χ²(33) = 88.92, p < .001; CFI = .97; NNFI = .96; SRMR = .05; RMSEA = .09. Correlational analyses indicated that the instrument correlated positively with other measures of role stress and negatively with personal accomplishment, which supports convergent and divergent validity, respectively. Implications of the research as well as directions for future studies are discussed.     

Factorial Validity and Reliability of the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire

This study aimed to examine the validity and reliability of an instrument designed to measure student perceptions of curricular goals in physical education, the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire. Participants were 879 Finnish students from grades 7 to 9 (412 girls, 467 boys; mean age 13.81). An exploratory factor analysis was performed on Sample 1 (n = 287), revealing a four-factor solution and suggesting that factor structure be cross-validated with confirmatory factor analysis in Sample 2 (n = 592). Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated an acceptable fit and supported the four-factor model. Tests for gender invariance supported configural, metric, and scalar invariance. Analyses of factor mean differences indicated that girls attributed more importance than boys to physical education’s health-related goals, social and emotional learning, and motor skill development. This study confirmed the validity of the Curricular Goals in Physical Education Questionnaire to assess student perspectives on curricular goals across gender. In order to improve factor structure the authors suggest the addition of an item measuring skill acquisition to future versions of the instrument.     

智障成年人运动效能评定量表的编制

根据运动效能的操作定义,结合智障成年人身心特点,在访谈和调研的基础上编制智障成年人运动效能评定量表。对量表进行内容效度、结构效度和信度检验的结果表明:结构模型确定运动效能量表的维度包括基本体育运动能力、体育运动中的心理过程和体育运动中的适应行为。验证性分析检验拟合优度和调整拟合优度较高,评价结果的相关矩阵与理论模型之间拟合较好,可以接受理论模型的结构。量表的11个指标的重测信度比较高,说明该量表具有一定的稳定性,可用于智障成年人运动效能的评定。     

Coaching competency and satisfaction with the coach: A multi-level structural equation model

Abstract

The purpose of this initial predictive validity study was to determine the ability of measures derived from the Athletes' Perceptions of Coaching Competency Scale II – High School Teams (APCCS II-HST) to predict satisfaction with the head coach. Specification of the statistical model was informed by the mediational model of coach–athlete interactions. The technical quality of the satisfaction measure was evaluated before testing the predictive validity of the coaching competency measures. Data were collected from athletes of seven sports. Athlete observations (N = 748) were clustered within teams (G = 74). Multi-group confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) provided evidence for factorial invariance of a reduced version of the satisfaction measure by athlete gender. Multi-level CFA provided evidence of model–data consistency for a reduced version of the satisfaction measure. Multi-level structural equation modelling provided evidence for the ability of latent coaching competency to positively predict latent satisfaction at both the athlete level (technique competency and motivation competency) and the team level (coaching competency) and for close model–data fit. Implications of this study include: that the APCCS II-HST should be viewed as a replacement for the Coaching Competency Scale when the intended population is appropriate; a preliminary multi-level measurement model for satisfaction with one's coach that should be considered as a potential starting point in subsequent studies; and empirical support for a key relationship proposed in the mediational model of coach–athlete interactions.