Exploratory factor analysis of the functional movement screen in elite athletes

The functional movement screen is developed to examine individuals’ movement patterns through 7 functional tasks. The purpose of this study was to identify the internal consistency and factor structure of the 7 tasks of the functional movement screen in elite athletes; 290 elite athletes from a variety of Chinese national teams were assessed using the functional movement screen. Cronbach’s alpha was calculated for the scores of the 7 tasks. Exploratory factor analysis was performed to explore the factor structure of the functional movement screen. The mean and standard deviation of the sum score were 15.2 ± 3.0. A low Cronbach’s alpha (0.58) was found for the scores of the 7 tasks. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 2 factors with eigenvalues greater than 1, and these 2 factors explained 47.3% of the total variance. The first factor had a high loading on the rotatory stability (loading = 0.99) and low loadings on the other 6 tasks (loading range: 0.04–0.34). The second factor had high loadings on the deep squat, hurdle step and inline lunge (loading range: 0.46–0.61) and low loadings on the other 3 tasks (loading range: 0.12–0.32). The 7 tasks of the functional movement screen had low internal consistency and were not indicators of a single factor. Evidence for unidimensionality was not found for the functional movement screen in elite athletes. More attention should be paid to the score of each task rather than the sum score when we interpret the functional movement screen scores.     

Fatness and fitness in relation to functional movement quality in overweight and obese children

This study aimed to investigate the independent and combined associations between several fatness indicators and fitness components with functional movement quality in overweight/obese children. A total of 56 children (33 girls, aged 8–12) classified as overweight/obese according to the World Obesity Federation standard cut points, participated in this study. Participants underwent assessments of fatness [body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and bioelectrical impedance measures], fitness [1 repetition maximum bench and leg press, and ALPHA test battery], and functional movement quality [4 tests from Functional Movement Screen ^TM (FMS)]. All fatness outcomes, except waist circumference, were negatively associated with total FMS score, after controlling for cardiorespiratory fitness. Cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limbs muscle strength, and speed-agility were positively associated with the total FMS score, regardless of BMI. Our results suggest that children with greater fatness indicators demonstrate lower functional movement quality independently of their fitness level, whereas children with better fitness level (i.e. cardiorespiratory fitness, lower limbs muscular strength, and speed-agility) demonstrate greater functional movement quality independently of their fatness level. However, children´s weight status seems to be more determinant than their fitness level in terms of functional movement quality, whereas being fit seems to moderately attenuate the negative influence of fatness.     

Relationships between functional movement screen scores,maturation and physical performance in young soccer players

The purpose of this study was to examine relationships between functional movement screen scores, maturation and physical performance in young soccer players. Thirty males (11–16 years) were assessed for maturation, functional movement screen scores and a range of physical performance tests (squat jump, reactive strength index protocol and reactive agility cut). Older players significantly outperformed younger participants in all tests (P < 0.05; effect sizes = 1.25–3.40). Deep overhead squat, in-line lunge, active straight leg raise and rotary stability test were significantly correlated to all performance tests. In-line lunge performance explained the greatest variance in reactive strength index (adjusted R² = 47%) and reactive agility cut (adjusted R² = 38%) performance, whilst maturation was the strongest predictor of squat jump performance (adjusted R² = 46%). This study demonstrated that variation of physical performance in youth soccer players could be explained by a combination of both functional movement screen scores and maturation.     

对“功能动作训练”之“功能动作筛查”的审视与思考

作为一种全新训练理念的代表——功能动作训练正逐渐被我国专家学者及教练员所接受.所谓“功能动作训练”是在对人体基本动作模式进行测试、诊断和纠正的基础上,采用某些特殊设计的动作练习手段,以最大限度地规避运动损伤风险,提高动作效率,促进运动水平提高的动作方法体系的总和.其核心内容包括功能动作筛查、伤病预防和动作准备等8个部分.作为整个功能动作训练体系的奠基石,功能动作筛查的重要性是不言而喻的.分别从原理、作用、操作、排序及纠正方法5个方面对功能动作筛查理论进行系统的研究,以期为后续研究功能动作训练体系其他方面的内容奠定基础.     

功能动作训练在竞技体育中的前沿实践

功能动作训练的重要意义在于优化人体各个动作模式、预防运动损伤、加强康复效果和质量、提高运动员的耐用性和延长运动寿命。在我国高水平运动训练前沿实践领域,现代动作科学理论与前沿方法的应用,正体现在我国多支顶级水平国家队常规系统的训练中,日益广泛和深入地实施功能动作训练,为运动队和运动员们创造超乎寻常的运动成绩,为他们备战2012年伦敦奥运会保驾护航。     

Effect of turf on the cutting movement of female football players

PurposeThe globalisation of artificial turf and the increase in player participation has driven the need to examine injury risk in the sport of football. The purpose of this study was to investigate the surface–player interaction in female football players between natural and artificial turf.MethodsEight university level female football players performed an unanticipated cutting manoeuvre at an angle of 30° and 60°, on a regulation natural grass pitch (NT) and a 3G artificial turf pitch (AT). An automated active maker system (CodaSport CXS System, 200 Hz) quantified 3D joint angles at the ankle and knee during the early deceleration phase of the cutting, defined from foot strike to weight acceptance at 20% of the stance phase. Differences were statistically examined using a two-way (cutting angle, surface) ANOVA, with an α level of p < 0.05 and Cohen's d effect size reported.ResultsA trend was observed on the AT, with a reduction in knee valgus and internal rotation, suggesting a reduced risk of knee injury. This findings highlight that AT is no worse than NT and may have the potential to reduce the risk of knee injury. The ankle joint during foot strike showed large effects for an increase dorsiflexion and inversion on AT. A large effect for an increase during weight acceptance was observed for ankle inversion and external rotation on AT.ConclusionThese findings provide some support for the use of AT in female football, with no evidence to suggests that there is an increased risk of injury when performing on an artificial turf. The ankle response was less clear and further research is warranted. This initial study provides a platform for more detailed analysis, and highlights the importance of exploring the biomechanical changes in performance and injury risk with the introduction of AT.     

陀螺技术分类与动作结构分析

结合十多年从事民族传统体育陀螺项目教学、训练及竞赛的实践经验,对民族传统体育陀螺项目的技术进行了分类,就陀螺技术的特点、技术动作结构等进行了分析。     

Comparison of the Criterion-Related Validity of Sit-and-Reach Tests with and without Limb Length Adjustment in Asian Adults

Abstract

The stages of motivational readiness as conceptualized by the Transtheoretical Model have been widely used among adult samples to assess readiness for adopting exercise behavior. To date, little research has been conducted using a staging framework with adolescent samples. There is a need for validation of the staging framework prior to a substantial amount of research with this age group. The current article presents two studies assessing stage and reported exercise behavior (Study 1: n = 819; M age = 15.0 years, SD = 1.2; 51 % men; Study 2: n = 184; M age = 18.6 years, SD = .5; 45 % men). As hypothesized in both studies, reported exercise consistently varied as a function of stage classification; those in earlier stages of readiness reported less exercise than those in later stages. Staging algorithms showed good sensitivity to detect reported exercise; however, specificity was distinctly better with the algorithm that used a specific activity criterion and immediate intention, as opposed to irregular behavior, in defining the preparation stage. Results support the validity of the staging framework for measuring motivational readiness for exercise behavior among North American adolescents.     

试论三大思想文化运动对欧洲近代学校体育兴起和发展的影响

本文主要采用文献资料、专家访谈等研究方法,从欧洲近代社会发展的历史背景、欧洲近代学校体育兴起、发展的简要过程以及影响因素几个方面进行了分析。文章分析认为欧洲近代学校体育的兴起、发展受到思想、社会、科技、教育、体育等因素的影响,其中文艺复兴、宗教改革、启蒙运动三大思想文化运动起到思想先行的作用。研究影响欧洲近代学校体育兴起和发展的主要因素,对深入了解中国学校体育的历史脉络,理解当前制约我国学校体育发展的基本因素,促进学校体育自身及其与社会体育、竞技体育的和谐发展具有一定的借鉴意义。     

Twenty-four-hour movement behaviours and fundamental movement skills in preschool children: A compositional and isotemporal substitution analysis

ABSTRACT

Studies that have analysed the association between the different movement behaviours and fundamental movement skills (FMS) have considered it in an independent manner, disregarding the compositional nature of 24-h movement behaviours (24-h MB). The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the 24-h MB and FMS in preschoolers using a compositional data analysis . Two hundred and four preschoolers (4.5 ± 0.8 years old; 101 boys) provided objectively assessed physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviour (SB) data (Actigraph wGT3X), and FMS (TGMD-2). Sleep duration (SD) was reported by parents. Association of daily composition of movement behaviours with FMS was explored using compositional analysis and isotemporal substitution (R Core Team, 3.6.1). When considered as a 24-h MB composition (PA, SB and SD), adjusted for age, BMI and sex, the composition predicted locomotor (r² = 0.31), object control (r² = 0.19), and total motor score (r² = 0.35), respectively (all P < 0.001). Reallocation of time from light to moderate-to-vigorous PA was associated with greatest positive changes in total motor score. Achieving adequate balance between movement behaviours over the 24-h period, and its relationship with locomotor and object control skills should be considered and further investigated in early childhood.     

武汉体育学院学生身体素质测试指标、方法和结果研究

研究分析武汉体育学院学生身体素质测试指标、方法、过程与结果。结合体育院校学生特点,对学生身体素质指标进行了测试,并就选择学生身体素质测试的原则、依据、测试指标的构建和方法的确立等进行探讨。制订身体素质测试指标和评价标准,结果表明:学生身体素质测试指标与评价标准符合在校学生身体素质的实际,达到了预期的目的与效果。     

动作和运动在儿童早期心理发展中的作用

儿童动作发展是发展心理学一个十分重要的课题。动作是人类最基本，也最重要的发展领域，而运动是实现动作发展的基本途经之一。对人类个体发展，特别是对儿童早期发展阶段(婴幼儿期)来说，动作发展比书面语言等符号化领域更基本，也更重要。当前早期教育实践中一个极为普遍存在，也是非常危险的倾向是过分强调抽象符号系统的作用，这种危险在于以所谓早期智力开发的名义压缩了婴幼儿动作和感觉发展的空间，同时也在相当程度上剥夺了他们通过动作主动建构自身经验的机会。     

民族主义与奥林匹克运动的关系

源发于西欧的民族主义思潮深刻影响着奥林匹克运动,两者在交互演进的历史进程中始终保持共生性的依存关系.民族主义对奥林匹克运动的＂解构＂与＂建构＂并存,既构成民族国家参与奥林匹克运动的政治基础,也是冲击奥林匹克运动的介入力量.全球化时代,奥林匹克运动要实现和平国际主义理想,仍须面对民族主义的现代转向.以＂天下主义＂为理想的中国文化势必在消解奥林匹克困境过程中承担应有的历史使命.     

Temporal trends in the sit-ups performance of 9,939,289 children and adolescents between 1964 and 2017

ABSTRACT

We estimated international/national temporal trends in sit-ups performance for children and adolescents, and examined relationships between national trends in sit-ups performance and national trends in health-related/sociodemographic indicators. Data were obtained by systematically searching studies reporting on temporal trends in sit-ups performance for apparently healthy 9–17 year-olds, and by examining nationally representative fitness datasets. Trends at the country-sex-age level were estimated by sample-weighted regression models relating the testing year to mean sit-ups performance. International/national trends were estimated by a post-stratified population-weighting procedure. Pearson’s correlations quantified relationships between national trends in sit-ups performance and national trends in health-related/sociodemographic indicators. A total of 9,939,289 children and adolescents from 31 countries/special administrative regions between 1964 and 2017 collectively showed a large improvement of 38.4% (95% CI: 36.8 to 40.0) or 7.1% per decade (95% CI: 6.8 to 7.4). Large international improvements were experienced by all age and sex groups, with the rate of improvement slowing from 1964 to 2000, stabilizing near zero until 2010, before declining. Trends differed between countries, with national trends in vigorous physical activity a strong, positive correlate of national trends in sit-ups performance. More sit-ups data are needed from low- and middle-income countries to better monitor trends in muscular fitness.     

应用功能动作训练对李玄旭400米混合泳技术优化的研究

在明确李玄旭400米混合泳技术结构的基础上,采用技术分析和功能动作训练的方法,优化其混合泳技术,提高运动成绩。认为利用系统论的观点明确李玄旭400米混合泳技术结构,并提出解决、稳定、巩固的优化路径,对奥运备战有着积极的意义;在研究过程中,运用运动技术诊断和功能动作筛查是基础、功能动作训练是关键的思路,收到了较好的效果;明确身体各环节功能,训练较好的身体流线型姿态,提炼关键技术的基本动作是从体能方面优化游泳运动技术的良好手段;奥运会分段成绩提示李玄旭400混蝶泳、蛙泳成绩均有所提高,且蛙泳提高幅度可观。上述实践可为游泳项目运动技术优化提供借鉴。     

Collegiate baseball players with more optimal functional movement patterns demonstrate better athletic performance in speed and agility

Sports injuries are common among baseball players and may result in abnormal movement patterns, increased risks of future injury, and unsatisfactory performance. The Functional Movement Screen (FMS?) has been developed to detect abnormal functional movement patterns and can be used for predicting risks of sports injury. However, whether FMS? scores are associated with athletic performance remains unclear. The goal of this study was to determine the association between functional movements and athletic performance in elite baseball players. Core stability, muscular strength and flexibility of the lower extremities, and FMS?, as well as athletic performance in sprinting, agility, and balance tests were assessed in 52 male collegiate Division I baseball players placed into two groups based on FMS? scores. The high-scoring group demonstrated better athletic performance than the low-scoring group, with a shorter duration of the agility test. No group differences were found in core stability, muscular strength, or muscle flexibility, except for rectus femoris flexibility. Thus, the FMS? score is associated with sprinting and agility performance in elite baseball players. These findings indicate that the FMS? may have a role in predicting athletic performance and thereby help determine the goals of training regimens or return-to-play strategies.     

美国功能动作测试（FMS）概述

功能动作测试（FMS）是国际职业竞技体育中广泛应用理疗康复和体能训练领域的一种测试方法,由著名的功能动作训练所衍生出来。FMS测试是一个等级排名评价检测标准,它可以证明动作模式是人体基本功能的关键。FMS测试可以评测人体的非对称和局限性,尽可能的减少不必要的测试和数据分析。本文通过对国内外FMS测试研究现状分析,并与传统体能测试方法进行比较,以使广大体育实践研究者对FMS测试有一个更为客观的了解.     

A randomised controlled trial of movement quality-focused exercise versus traditional resistance exercise for improving movement quality and physical performance in trained adults

ABSTRACT

The aim of this trial was to compare an eight-week individual movement quality versus traditional resistance training intervention on movement quality and physical performance. Forty-six trained adults were randomised to a movement quality-focused training (MQ) or a traditional resistance training (TRAD) group, and performed two individualised training sessions per week, for 8 weeks. Session-RPE (sRPE) was obtained from each session. Measures of movement quality (MovementSCREEN and Functional Movement Screen (FMS)) and physical performance were performed pre- and post-intervention. All measures improved significantly in both groups (3–14.5%, p = <0.005). The between-group difference in MovementSCREEN composite score was not statistically significant (0.3, 95% CI ?3.4, 4.1, p = 0.852). However, change in FMS composite was significantly greater in MQ (1.3, 95% CI 0.8, 1.8, p < 0.001). There were no significant between-group differences in physical performance (p = 0.060–0.960). The mean sRPE was significantly lower in MQ (5.25, SD 1.2) compared to TRAD (6.6 SD 1.0, p = <0.001). Thus, although movement quality scores were not distinctly greater in the MQ group, a movement quality specific intervention caused comparable improvements in physical performance compared to traditional resistance training but at lower perceived training intensity.     

Associations between anxiety,self-efficacy,and outcomes by gender and body size dissatisfaction during fitness in high school physical education

Background: Noteworthy proportions of adolescents – particularly females – report negatively about their experiences regarding fitness and the testing of it during physical education (PE). These accounts often coincide with lower levels of body image, fitness, motivation, and physical activity and higher rates of attrition from optional PE.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to test path relations between body size dissatisfaction (BSD), test anxiety (TA), self-efficacy, and fitness-related outcomes during fitness in PE and to determine whether these differ as a function of gender and level of BSD.

Method: Survey data were collected from 394 9th and 10th-grade students in southern Ontario, Canada. A previously validated BSD measure was used that consisted of a series of nine gender-specific silhouettes ranging from very thin/slender to very large/overweight. Students’ dissatisfaction score involved subtracting self-ratings of their ideal body size from current body size estimates. Fitness indices in PE (FIPE)was the z-score of the sum of self-reported fitness level, fitness grade in PE, and frequency of active exercise at least 30 minutes per day. Self-efficacy and TA were assessed using established scales from the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire.

Data analysis: Multivariate analysis of variance was used to assess group differences whereas gender-specific confirmatory factor and path analyses were used to test the proposed path in which relations between BSD and FIPE were manifest indirectly through TA and self-efficacy.

Findings: The hypothetical path fit the data in the overall sample and fit better for females than for males. Females reported a higher BSD and a lower self-efficacy and FIPE than males. BSD was evident in both genders with most females desiring a thinner body compared to boys who had relatively equal proportions wanting to be bigger and thinner. Males wanting to be smaller reported significantly lower self-efficacy and FIPE than males with little BSD or those wanting to be larger. Females desiring a thinner body reported significantly more TA and lower FIPE than females with no BSD.

Conclusion: Body image concerns and elevated levels of anxiety appear to undergird the influence of self-efficacy on FIPE. This is particularly so in females, although both females and males with a BSD are susceptible to lowered fitness motivation and achievement in PE. Suggestions are provided to help physical educators to structure fitness curricula and pedagogy to better minimize this vulnerability. These include catering to the gender-specific needs and preferences for fitness activities during PE including the testing of fitness.     

奥林匹克运动与政治的关系

奥林匹克运动作为当今世界规模最大的社会活动，与政治有着不解之缘。在中国申奥成功后，全面了解奥林匹克与政治的关系，正确认识奥林匹克与政治发生关系的背景和历史，深刻分析奥林匹克与政治关系的渊源和特征，科学引进并正确发挥奥林匹克的政治作用和功能，努力促进奥林匹克运动在中国的健康发展，既是现实需要，也具有理论创新意义。