Centralised or Decentralised? Strategic Implications of Resource Allocation Models

This paper examines the strategic implications of resource allocation models (RAMs). Four interrelated aspects of resource allocation are discussed: degree of centralisation, locus of strategic direction, cross-subsidy, and locus of control. The paper begins with a theoretical overview of these concepts, locating the study in the contexts of both strategic management literature and the university. The concepts are then examined empirically, drawing upon a longitudinal study of three UK universities, Warwick, London School of Economics and Political Science (LSE), and Oxford Brookes. Findings suggest that RAMs are historically and culturally situated within the context of each university and this is associated with different patterns of strategic direction and forms of strategic control. As such, the RAM in use may be less a matter of best practice than one of internal fit. The paper concludes with some implications for theory and practice by discussing the potential trajectories of each type of RAM.     

大连花园口经济区城镇化的土地资源配置与优化

城镇化是由以农业为主的传统乡村社会向以工业和服务业为主的现代城市社会转变的历史过程。土地资源的优化配置是我国城镇化进程中面临的关键问题,城镇化与土地资源优化配置两者之间存在良性的互动关系。在大连全域城市化战略的大背景下,分析大连花园口经济区城镇化的发展现状、土地利用现状及其在土地利用中存在的主要问题,提出花园口经济区在城镇化进程中土地资源优化配置的路径,即确保发展规划的编制与宏观上位规划的协调一致性,及时调整和完善现有规划;探索生态文明的和谐发展方式,加强土地资源的可持续利用和生态环境保护;促进土地制度的创新,探索建立城乡统一的建设用地市场;促进土地资源优化配置模式的创新,提高土地利用效率。     

An analysis of the educational value of low-fidelity anatomy models as external representations

Although high-fidelity digital models of human anatomy based on actual cross-sectional images of the human body have been developed, reports on the use of physical models in anatomy teaching continue to appear. This article aims to examine the common features shared by these physical models and analyze their educational value based on the literature on cognition, learning, and external representations. A literature search on these physical models in three popular anatomy journals published over a 10-year period from 2001 to 2010 found that all of them have low fidelity: they oftentimes do not closely resemble the regions of the human body they are representing. They include only a small number of the structures that exist in these regions of the human body and do not accurately represent the shape and surface details of these structures. However, these models strongly correspond to the human body in the spatial relationship of the represented structures, which is crucial to achieving their educational purpose of teaching three-dimensional comprehension and anatomical reasoning. The educational value of these models includes acting as memory aids, reducing cognitive overload, facilitating problem solving, and arousing students' enthusiasm and participation. Because these models often lack a close resemblance to the human body, their use in anatomy teaching should always be accompanied by adequate explanations to the students to establish the correspondence between the models and the parts of the human body they are representing.     

Learning zones: an evaluation of three models for improving learning through teacher/teaching assistant teamwork

Following the review of literature in the preceding article concerning the deployment of support staff, Hilary Cremin, Gary Thomas and Karen Vincett here focus attention on the classroom in their evaluation of three models of team organisation and planning for the work of teaching assistants — room management, zoning and reflective teamwork — in six primary classrooms. Readers will be interested in the detail of the methodological approach adopted and the general finding that all three models were evaluated positively by the participants.     

构建跨区域的石油高校图书馆联盟

石油高校图书馆的文献资源需求和服务对象有类似之处,并具有良好的合作传统和合作基础,借鉴国外图书馆联盟的运行模式,石油高校行业图书馆联盟可以采取总体设计、分步实施的方式,共同参与,费用分摊,资源共享,逐步构建起符合我国国情的石油高校图书馆联盟。     

Perceptions of learning-support teachers and resource teachers of each other's role in Irish primary schools

This article reports findings from an exploratory study of how learning support and resource teachers perceive each other's role. The study was conducted during the debate on the proposed changes to allocation and deployment of support teachers, following the publication of Circular 24/03 by the Department of Education and Science. It sought to test the hypothesis that learning-support and resource teachers perceive each other's roles differently in terms of their distinctiveness, type of children they support, working arrangements and training. The findings confirmed this and the implications of this for more whole-school collaborative models of support are discussed.     

对大学城新校区校园规划若干问题的思考

本文结合对福建师范大学新校区建设规划的总结和反思 ,主要从大学城模式与高等教育跨越式发展的关系 ,校园建设规划与学校事业发展规划和学科建设规划的关系 ,校园教育房地产资源预期配置与可持续发展原则的关系 ,校园建筑与校园文脉传承创新的关系等四个方面 ,阐述了新校区建设规划中应该注意的一些问题 ,以资借鉴。     

BOOK AND MATERIAL REVIEWS: Successful Kindergarten Transition: Your Guide to Connecting Children,Families, & Schools

Special education directors were surveyed to determine the amount of planning time special educators have in their district and what tasks they are expected to accomplish during that time. Although teachers who work in districts that use inclusionary models such as consultation and team teaching have no more planning time than those who work only in resource room models, they are expected to perform more tasks during planning time. These tasks include meeting with multidisciplinary teams, evaluating students for placement, and conducting inservice.     

Pedagogic strategies supporting the use of Synchronous Audiographic Conferencing: A review of the literature

Synchronous audiographic conferencing (SAC) refers to a combination of technologies for real-time communication and interaction using multiple media and modes. With an increasing institutional uptake of SAC, users require an understanding of the complex interrelations of multiple media in learning scenarios in order to support pedagogic-driven planning and effective use of the tool. This paper provides a review of recent literature that explores the pedagogic strategies used to underpin practical uses of SAC for the benefit of learners especially in non-standard contexts such as distance education. The paper reports on approaches from practitioner-oriented perspectives as well as approaches based on educational theory, notably the community of inquiry model, task design and multimodal models of cognition, meaning and interaction. The main features of these models were extracted to provide both a synthesis for future work on dedicated pedagogic models for SAC and a resource for practitioners wanting to link SAC with educational theory.     

Toward optimal allocation of instructional resources: Dividing computer-assisted instruction time among students

This paper deals with the question of how to best allocate a finite instructional resource among different students — specifically how to divide time on a computer-assisted instruction (CAI) system among a number of eligible students.First several possible objectives for a time allocation strategy are considered. Examples include maximizing the students' mean grade placement without increasing the variance and maximizing the number of students who make a particular gain. Then using operations research techniques, time-allocation strategies are described to optimize the chance of reaching each objective. Finally the outcomes of various allocation strategies are predicted by computer simulations that use learning curves estimated from observed data.The simulation models indicated that for the students and curriculum used, different time allocation strategies make very little difference in overall results when reasonable assumptions are made concerning the ways time can be allocated during a normal school day. A much more important variable is the total amount of CAI time used by students. For example, the school grade-placement average can be increased as much by increasing total CAI time by ten percent as by any allocation strategy tested.Also at Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University. Please address reprint requests to Elizabeth Macken Raugh, Computer Curriculum Corporation, 700 Hansen Way, Palo Alto, CA 94304. The authors thank Mario Zanotti for helpful suggestions about the appendix of this article.     

我国公立大学内部资源的配置机制探析

在创建世界一流大学目标的推动下,我国公立大学近年来得到了快速的发展,掌握和控制了庞大的经济资源。但与此同时,资源进入大学以后,如何在大学内部各院系和行政部门之间进行有效地分配却并未引起足够的关注。本文运用公共产品和公共选择的有关理论对大学内部资源的性质及其配置方式进行了研究,根据权利的明确程度将大学内部的资源分为私人资源和公共资源,并提出了分配大学公共资源的三种方式:传统、绩效和战略。我国公立大学内部资源配置主要是依据传统,欠缺依据绩效和战略而进行分配。更为欠缺的则是公共资源分配所要求的公开性、稳定性和合法性。     

熵值法在高等教育资源配置效益评价中的应用

运用熵值法客观赋权,构建了我国高等教育资源配置效益评价指标体系,并以湖北地区高校为典型案例,定量评价了1998-2004年湖北地区高等教育资源配置效益。评价结果对于优化高等教育资源配置结构具有重要的实践价值;同时,结果也表明熵值法是科学有效的。     

治理理论及其对我国高等教育资源配置的启示

治理理论是20世纪90年代产生发展起来的新理论,虽然发展尚不成熟,但它对研究社会问题、教育问题提供了独特的理论视角和思维框架.在我国高等教育领域,传统的以计划为主要手段的资源配置方式,逐渐地被计划与市场相结合的混合式资源配置方式所代替.当这种资源配置方式面临极具复杂变动的社会环境时,可能会遭遇很多冲突和矛盾.治理理论对重新思考我国高等教育的资源配置问题有很大的启发和借鉴作用.     

Resource Allocation‐The Case of the Australian National University

The allocation of resources within an institution should be consistent with other elements in the planning process. This paper describes and discusses the existing and proposed resource allocation processes of the Australian National University. The discussion is set against the background of a model for institutional planning.     

公民参与预算:美国地方政府的经验及其借鉴

公共预算的核心问题是资源配置问题。在资源配置中纳入公民参与有助于提高预算决策的合理性和公共责任。目前,我国的一些地方政府已经开始将公民参与纳入预算资金的分配过程。为了更好地借鉴国外公民参与预算的经验,本文分析了美国地方政府公民参与预算的经验。     

?Between rationality and politics?: autobiographical portraits of adult education programme planning

Using the author's experience as the coordinator of the Canadian Agriculture Lifetime Leadership programme as a case study, this article provides an interpretive essay about programme planning in adult education. Two conceptual frameworks are used to structure narratives of the programme planning process. The first asserts that programme planning is the rational application of a six-step decision-making model. The second claims that programme planning is the political negotiation of personal and organizational interests. Through two autobiographical narratives, this article explores how technical-rational and political models of programme planning further our understanding of adult education practises. In addition to contributing a detailed case study to the literature on programme planning, the article speaks to contemporary empirical and normative debates in adult education.     

高校多校区办学的管理模式与资源配置研究

当前,高校多校区办学发展迅速,在分析了主要类型、主要管理模式和存在主要问题后,笔者提出:思想、定位、制度、模式、科技、文化、关怀和合作是多校区办学必须要注意的方面。以下因素影响资源优化:顶层设计不完善、管理模式不科学、资源利用不充分、资源配置不平衡。促进资源优化的有效途径是:统一指导思想,为资源优化奠定思想基石;明确功能定位,为资源优化创造理论条件;完善顶层设计,为资源优化提供制度保障;科学管理模式,为资源优化搭建有效平台;创建智慧校园,为资源优化提供科技支撑;整合校园文化,为资源优化培育精神家园;注重人文关怀,为资源优化争取师生支持;深化校地合作,为资源优化拓宽合作渠道。     

Taking away and determining the difference—a longitudinal perspective on two models of subtraction and the inverse relation to addition

Subtraction can be understood by two basic models—taking away (ta) and determining the difference (dd)—and by its inverse relation to addition. Epistemological analyses and empirical examples show that the two models are not relevant only in single-digit arithmetic. As curricula should be developed in a longitudinal perspective on mathematics learning processes, the article highlights some exemplary steps in which the inverse relation is discussed in light of the two models, namely mental subtraction, the standard algorithms for subtraction, negative numbers and manipulations for solving algebraic equations. For each step, the article presents educational considerations for fostering a flexible use of the two models as well as of the inverse relation between subtraction and addition. In each section, a mathe-didactical analysis is conducted, empirical results from literature as well as from our own case studies are presented and consequences for teaching are sketched.     

On the utilization of sample weights in latent variable models

The purpose of this article is to examine the use of sample weights in the latent variable modeling context. A sample weight is the inverse of the probability that the unit in question was sampled and is used to obtain unbiased estimates of population parameters when units have unequal probabilities of inclusion in a sample. Although sample weights are discussed at length in survey research literature, virtually no discussion of sample weights can be found in the latent variable modeling literature. This article examines sample weights in latent variable models applied to the case where a simple random sample is drawn from a population containing a mixture of strata. A bootstrap simulation study is used to compare raw and normalized sample weights to conditions where weights are ignored. The results show that ignoring weights can lead to serious bias in latent variable model parameters and that this bias is mitigated by the incorporation of sample weights. Standard errors appear to be underestimated when sample weights are applied. Results on goodness‐of‐fit statistics demonstrate the advantages of utilizing sample weights.