Differences in the problem solving of stronger and weaker novices in physics: Knowledge,strategies, or knowledge structure?

This study investigates the extent to which differences in the problem-solving performance of stronger and weaker novices in physics arise from: (a) differences in amount of domain knowledge, (b) differences in how domain knowledge is organized, and (c) differences in the strategic application of domain knowledge. Ten first-year university physics students attempted to solve one easy and one difficult problem involving Newton's second law. Clear differences in the protocols of stronger and weaker students for the difficult problem, combined with successful performance by all students on the easy problem, were interpreted as evidence for differences in the organization of relevant knowledge held by more versus less successful first-year physics students. Some differences in procedural knowledge were also observed, but all students used the working forward strategy that had been presented to them in lectures.     

例谈探究式解题课教学

阐述了解题课的基本功能,指出了目前中学数学教育中解题课存在的问题。通过对一道平面几何题的分析,讨论了解题课环节如何创设一系列探究式问题,引导学生从问题的条件出发通过特例、试错等方法猜测一般规律并找到解决问题的方法,反思是如何想到这样的方法的?进一步对解题方法的优劣进行评判。通过方法的探究过程培养学生的元认知以及提升学生对数学方法的价值与审美判断能力。     

Analysing student written solutions to investigate if problem-solving processes are evident throughout

An interdisciplinary science course has been implemented at a university with the intention of providing students the opportunity to develop a range of key skills in relation to: real-world connections of science, problem-solving, information and communications technology use and team while linking subject knowledge in each of the science disciplines. One of the problems used in this interdisciplinary course has been selected to evaluate if it affords students the opportunity to explicitly display problem-solving processes. While the benefits of implementing problem-based learning have been well reported, far less research has been devoted to methods of assessing student problem-solving solutions. A problem-solving theoretical framework was used as a tool to assess student written solutions to indicate if problem-solving processes were present. In two academic years, student problem-solving processes were satisfactory for exploring and understanding, representing and formulating, and planning and executing, indicating that student collaboration on problems is a good initiator of developing these processes. In both academic years, students displayed poor monitoring and reflecting (MR) processes at the intermediate level. A key impact of evaluating student work in this way is that it facilitated meaningful feedback about the students’ problem-solving process rather than solely assessing the correctness of problem solutions.     

The Effect of Hints and Model Answers in a Student-Controlled Problem-Solving Program for Secondary Physics Education

Many students experience difficulties in solving applied physics problems. Most programs that want students to improve problem-solving skills are concerned with the development of content knowledge. Physhint is an example of a student-controlled computer program that supports students in developing their strategic knowledge in combination with support at the level of content knowledge. The program allows students to ask for hints related to the episodes involved in solving a problem. The main question to be answered in this article is whether the program succeeds in improving strategic knowledge by allowing for more effective practice time for the student (practice effect) and/or by focusing on the systematic use of the available help (systematic hint-use effect). Analysis of qualitative data from an experimental study conducted previously show that both the expected effectiveness of practice and the systematic use of episode-related hints account for the enhanced problem-solving skills of students.     

Systematic comparison of solved problems as a cooperative learning task

Problem-solving skills and understanding of domain, knowledge (e.g., fighting misconceptions) are important goals in both secondary and tertiary science education. A prototype of an instructional task is presented which aims at improved problem-solving skills based on understanding of domain knowledge. In this task, comparing carefully selected solved problems by groups of students is utilised as a learning activity for the acquisition of adequate problem schemata. The task is designed as a part of the so-called UBP-program (UBP=Understanding Based Problem solving) currently being developed, for education in science. The result of an evaluative study for the field of mechanics is presented. The UBP-task appears apt to improve problem-solving skills at a less advanced level of physics education (e.g., 10th grade), especially for students normally performing poorly—who are often girls.     

Case analysis of children's reasoning in problem-solving process

Recognising critical reasoning and problem-solving as one of the key skills for twenty-first century citizenship, various types of problem contexts have been practiced in science classrooms to enhance students’ understandings and use of evidence-based thinking and justification. Good problems need to allow students to adapt and evaluate the effectiveness of their knowledge, reasoning and problem-solving strategies. When students are engaged in complex and open-ended problem tasks, it is assumed their reasoning and problem-solving paths become complex with creativity and evidence in order to justify their conclusion and solutions. This study investigated the levels of reasoning evident in student discourse when engaging in different types of problem-solving tasks and the role of teacher interactions on students’ reasoning. Fifteen students and a classroom teacher in a Grade 5–6 classroom participated in this study. Through case analyses, the study findings suggest that (a) there was no clear co-relation between certain structures of problem tasks and the level of reasoning in students’ problem-solving discourse, (b) students exhibited more data-based reasoning than evidence-based and rule-based justification in experiment-based problem-solving tasks, and (c) teacher intervention supported higher levels of student reasoning. Pedagogical reflections on the difficulties of constructing effective problem-solving tasks and the need for developing teacher scaffolding strategies are discussed.     

Resolution Adopted by the ad hoc Conference on Society and the Study of Science,Mathematics and Technology

This study explored and documented students' responses to opportunities for collective knowledge building and collaboration in a problem-solving process within complex environmental challenges and pressing issues with various dimensions of knowledge and skills. Middle-school students (n =?16; age 14) and high-school students (n?=?16; age 17) from two Singapore public institutions participated in an environmental science field study to experience knowledge integration and a decision-making process. Students worked on six research topics to understand the characteristics of an organic farm and plan for building an ecological village. Students collected and analysed data from the field and shared their findings. Their field work and discussions were video-recorded, and their reflective notes and final reports were collected for data coding and interpretation. The results revealed that throughout the study, students experienced the needs and development of integrated knowledge, encountered the challenges of knowledge sharing and communication during their collaboration, and learned how to cope with the difficulties. Based on research findings, this study further discusses students' learning through a collaborative problem-solving process, including the interdependence of knowledge and the development of mutual relationships such as respect and care for others' knowledge and learning.     

操作系统课程启发式教学方法探索

传统的以知识讲解为主的操作系统课程教学,无法激活学生学习兴趣,导致学生解决问题能力欠缺,创新能力不足,无法满足社会及企业的需求。实践表明,探索启发式和研究性教学,不仅能够提高操作系统课程的教学成效,而且能转换学生的学习方式,帮助学生从根源理解问题,加深学生的思考深度,提高学生独立思考、团队合作及创新能力,甚至可以将操作系统专业知识中的哲学道理应用到生活中,多方位提高学生的个人能力。     

“方法多样化”的基本内涵与教学实践

方法多样化,体现的是教师对学生独立思考的尊重和鼓励,体现的是教学的民主和开放,体现的是学习方式的转变。"方法多样化"理念下的数学教学,教师要引导学生运用已有知识和经验主动探寻问题解决的方法,引导学生在方法交流中展示思维过程和体验方法的多样性,引导学生在方法的比较和感悟中理解和自觉接纳解决问题的一些基本方法。     

浅谈“结构力学”课程主要知识点的学习方法与解题技巧

"结构力学"是土木、水利、交通及桥梁工程专业为设计建筑工程结构提供理论依据和计算数据的重要基础课程,它以其独有的课程特性、难度和灵活的解题技巧而为众多相关专业的师生所高度重视。文章通过对"结构力学"主要知识点学习方法的论述及相关解题技巧的分析,旨在培养学生掌握灵活的结构分析方法,开阔解题思路,提高结构计算能力,为工程类专业知识的学习奠定良好的基础。     

开放性数学应用问题解决的差异性研究

数学教育硕士、本科生解决开放性数学应用问题仍然是困难的,具有较高数学理论知识未必天然地能较好解决那些只用较低数学理论知识就能解答的数学应用问题;解决策略开放、结论开放、条件开放数学应用问题的难度逐渐显著增加,数学新课程重视数学应用教育促进了学生数学应用问题解决能力的发展;解决开放性数学应用问题的策略选择具有显著性差异,呈现数学思维的单一性、近迁移性等特征,误解信息、隐喻干扰等因素对被试的策略选择产生影响.     

协作问题解决讨论活动中行为模式自动化挖掘方法研究

为探究在线协作学习中基于问题解决讨论活动的群组交互行为模式,文章提出协作问题解决的协作讨论活动行为编码表,将协作问题解决中的重要行为特征进行分类编码。基于关联规则挖掘算法,自动化地挖掘协作问题解决中具有高转换率的行为序列。通过开展实证研究,探究影响协作质量的重要行为模式。研究结果表明,在协作过程中学生们修订观点、争论、采用证据以及良好的管理等行为对群组协作都具有积极意义。该研究为教育工作者构建基于问题解决的在线协作讨论活动提供了有利依据和重要参考。     

Problem Solving and Teaching How to Solve Problems in Technology-Rich Contexts

ABSTRACT

Problem solving is perhaps the key characteristic that makes us human. Given the kinds of problems that we face in a competitive economy and society, the new generation of learners is ever more required to have problem-solving abilities. By drawing from the literature on technological pedagogical content knowledge, design thinking, general and specific methods of problem solving, and role of technologies for solving problems, this article highlights the importance of problem solving for future teachers and discusses strategies that can help them become good problem solvers and understand the requirements of teaching their students problem solving in technology-rich contexts. This article consists of two main parts. Part 1 focuses on strategies required to help preservice teachers to be better problem solvers, and Part 2 summarizes approaches to introduce preservice teachers to the methods of teaching problem solving. The strategies reviewed provide a tangible guidance for teacher education programs regarding how to promote future teachers’ problem-solving skills.     

A Substrata Analysis of Spelling Ability for Elements of Auditory Images

ABSTRACT. Two groups of middle school students were taught U.S. colonial history during a 5-week period using 2 different instructional strategies. In the experimental group, concepts and problem-solving strategies were explicitly taught; in the control group, content was presented using lectures and reading. All students took a pretest and several posttests. Declarative knowledge tasks measured factual content knowledge and domain vocabulary acquisition; procedural knowledge was measured with problem-solving essays. Whereas performance was not statistically different between the 2 groups on the fact tests, significant differences were found on the vocabulary tests and problem-solving essays. These findings support using direct instruction for relational thinking and problem solving with explicit reference to concepts and attributes.     

观察归纳在数学解题中的应用

分别就图形、代数式两类为例论述观察归纳在数学解题中的应用,此类问题的解决不仅有利于学生数学知识和数学方法的巩固和掌握,而且有利于学生思维能力的提高。     

The contribution of domain-specific knowledge in predicting students' proportional word problem-solving performance

This study explored the extent to which domain-specific knowledge predicted proportional word problem-solving performance. We tested 411 seventh-grade students on conceptual and procedural fraction knowledge, conceptual and procedural proportion knowledge, and proportional word problem solving. Multiple regression analyses indicated that all four domain-specific knowledge variables (i.e., conceptual and procedural fraction knowledge, conceptual and procedural proportion knowledge) significantly predicted proportional word problem-solving performance. Conceptual fraction and procedural proportion knowledge contributed the most unique variance (10.0 and 6.7%, respectively, of the total variance) to proportional word problem solving. Procedural fraction and conceptual proportion knowledge each also contributed significant unique variance to proportional word problem solving explaining 5.6 and 2.8%, respectively. The results support the notion that both conceptual fraction and proportion knowledge and procedural fraction and proportion knowledge play a major role in understanding individual differences in proportional word problem-solving performance to inform interventions.     

评估关键能力 培育生活智慧——OECD／PISA问题解决能力之构想、设计与评估

培养学生的问题解决能力是学校教育的重点内容。“国际学生评价项目”在2003年增加了对学生问题解决能力的测评。该评估项目旨在考察学生综合运用学科领域的知识,识别问题关键特征及其内在关系,能够明确界定问题,合理表征问题和有效解决问题,并能够对问题解决方案进行真实性评估、判断与交流。     

Dispositional Predictors of Problem Solving in the Field of Office Work

It was investigated how domain-specific knowledge, fluid intelligence, vocational interest and work-related self-efficacy predicted domain-specific problem-solving performance in the field of office work. The participants included 100 German VET (vocational education and training) students nearing the end of a 3-year apprenticeship program as an industrial clerk (n?=?63) which usually leads to a position in office work, lower or middle management, or a similar apprenticeship program to become IT-systems management assistants (n?=?37). The participants worked on three computer-based problem scenarios dealing with operative controlling, a relevant domain to both training occupations, and completed further assessments to measure the variables listed above. Theoretical considerations, prior research and domain analyses suggested that industrial clerks would have greater domain-specific problem-solving competence (H1a) and domain-specific knowledge (H1b) than IT-systems management assistants and that domain-specific knowledge would be the strongest predictor of problem-solving competence (H2: “knowledge-is-power” hypothesis); all hypotheses were confirmed. Hypothesis 3, the “Elshout-Raaheim hypothesis,” predicts that fluid intelligence and problem-solving competence are most strongly correlated in the context of intermediate levels of task-related content knowledge, however the highest correlation was found in the group with low domain-specific knowledge. The findings suggest that intelligence plays a minor role in later stages of competence development whereas typical problem situations in later stages particularly require prior knowledge. The relationship of intelligence, knowledge and problem solving as well as limitations of the study, particularly weaknesses in the measurement of non-cognitive dispositions, are discussed.     

对初中历史材料分析题解题技巧的思考和认识

随着教育改革、素质教育的不断深入,初中教育教学更加注重对学生综合能力的培养,这使初中历史材料题愈加体现出开放性、实用性、知识性和灵活性的特征.从历史材料题目内容上看,资料内容明显增多,更侧重对学生独立思考能力和知识应用能力的考核.由于历史材料的题型变化灵活,解题方法不断更新,所以许多初中生的历史材料分析题解题能力较为薄...