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1.
Johann Bigot Nathalie Pichot Benoît Testé 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2004,19(4):335-347
Numerous studies have demonstrated a decrease in the expression of internality in French sixth graders as compared to fifth
graders. The present study examines normative clearsightedness in addition to internality across four French school grades
(fourth to seventh). The results confirmed the sixth-grade drop in internality and showed that the decrease also applies to
normative clearsightedness. 相似文献
2.
Beno?t Dompnier Pascal Pansu Pascal Bressoux 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2007,22(3):333-350
The aim of this article is to gain further insight into the determinants of scholastic judgments. On the basis of a previous
study (Dompnier, Pansu, & Bressoux, 2006), we propose a model of the processes underlying teachers’ judgments. In addition
to taking into account some of these determinants, the proposed model grants to pupils’ social utility, as perceived by their
teacher, the status of central mediator between scholastic judgments and their determinants (pupils’ actual academic achievement,
pupils’ scholastic history, classroom context, and internality perceived by teachers). The initial model was tested on a first
sample of 250 pupils (3rd grade) and their teachers, and then improved. Next, the modified model was validated on a second
sample of 249 pupils (3rd grade) and their teachers. The results obtained on this sample indicated that the modified model
fit the data to a satisfactory extent, and that it is more parsimonious that alternative nonhierachical models. 相似文献
3.
This study based directly on Markus’s (1977) paradigm demonstrates the greater prevalence of an academic success self-schema
in high academic achievers and of an academic failure self-schema in low academic achievers. The results also suggest that
this achievementbased schema is modulated by clearsightedness (Py & Somat, 1991) in both good and poor students. Because more
clearsighted individuals are probably better able to assess the arbitrariness of the reinforcement systems applied to their
performance, they do not build the same schemata as less clearsighted individuals do. 相似文献
4.
Pascal Pansu Nicole Dubois Benoît Dompnier 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2008,23(4):385-397
The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the socionormative approach of internality in the field of education, and
more specifically regarding scholastic judgment. It describes the theoretical development and the main procedures used by
researchers to show that internal causal explanations have more value than external ones because they are normative and convey
social value. We present results that show that the preference for internal explanations is learned in school. We also demonstrate
that internal explanations are often chosen for self-presentation purposes and have some bearing in evaluative practices (here,
scholastic judgment). We also present results which show that certain internal explanations of school events, regardless of
their valence (success or failure), enhance the social worth of the pupil producing them. This applies to effort-based explanations
which are more highly valued than others (e.g., in terms of personological traits such as aptitudes or abilities). Such results
lead us to discuss the role played by internal explanations in the evaluation practices. We underline the relevant aspect
of the socionormative theory of internality by comparison to another sociocognitive approach namely Weiner’s attributional
theory of motivation. 相似文献
5.
Catherine Esnard Stéphane Jouffre 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2008,23(3):255-274
In this article, the concept of Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB) is transposed from a work context, in which it was
developed, to secondary school. Two studies test the assumption of a social valorization of OCB declaration in a school context.
In Study 1, 445 pupils (sixth-graders to ninth-graders) answered an OCB questionnaire, specifically designed for this population,
according to the three instructions of the self-presentation paradigm. The ANOVAs indicated (1) a higher frequency of declared
OCBs for girls than for boys, which decreases with school grade, and is higher for the dimension of Organizational Compliance,
and (2) a significant OCB clearsightedness, more significant when presenting oneself to teachers than to parents and peers,
and higher for Individual Development, Altruism and Organizational Compliance dimensions. In Study 2, 46 teachers examined
the report of a fictitious pupil expressing a high or low frequency of OCB (judge paradigm). The ANOVAs indicated that the
teachers’ judgement was more favorable towards the pupil expressing high rather than low frequency of OCB. The normative component
of OCB, the social and institutional function which the OCB can fulfill, and the evaluation devices in secondary school are
then discussed. 相似文献
6.
Fredrik Sandberg 《Vocations and Learning》2010,3(2):99-115
This article critically appraises a process of recognising prior learning (RPL) using analytical tools from Habermas’ theory
of communicative action. The RPL process is part of an in-service training program for health care assistants where the goal
is to become a licensed practical nurse. Data about the RPL process were collected using interviews and observations. Through
appraising RPL as a social practice, it is held that the process progresses through a ‘caring ideology’. The caring ideology
is the foundation that makes it possible to build up health care assistants’ trust in teachers’ authority. In this process,
the teachers, by means of strategic actions, become the possessors of (the validity claim) truth. From this starting point,
the assistants’ prior experiences are strategically acknowledged in two ways: by affective comments ‘recognising’ their identity/personality
and by generating a grade in the courses for which their prior learning is being accredited. The findings show that the lifeworld
of these workers is assimilated and colonised through the RPL process and important issues such as power, gender and class
are not accounted for. These matters should not be left out in research on caring practices performed by women from low socio-economic
groups. These issues must be included if RPL processes are not merely assumed to systematically and uncritically reproduce
an existing normative discourse. Based on the RPL practice analysed here, it is proposed that a more reflexive, emancipatory
and communicative RPL process could play a central role in the development and enlightenment of health care assistants. 相似文献
7.
This article examines the role elementary school children’s spontaneous metaphors play in learning science. The data consists
of tape recordings of about 25 h from five different schools. The material is analysed using a practical epistemology analysis
and by using Dewey’s ideas on the continuity and transformation of experience. The results show the rich and varied meanings
that children put into their spontaneous metaphors. Their metaphors deal with facts as well as norms and aesthetics in relation
to the science content taught and they influence learning both through what is made salient, as well as through their relations
to the children’s possibilities of proceeding with their undertakings. Often one and the same metaphor encompassed all these
cognitive, aesthetic and normative aspects at the same time. It is discussed how this rich meaning can be cultured in a productive
way, and how the children’s spontaneous metaphors, with all their relations, can be used to enhance conceptual learning and
also learning about the nature of metaphor use in science. Through their connection with various experiences of the children,
it is also shown how children’s spontaneous metaphors have the potential to enliven and humanise the subject. 相似文献
8.
9.
Cristine A. Smith Rebecca Paulson Stone Sarah Kahando 《International Review of Education/Internationale Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft/Revue internationale l'éducation》2012,25(2):533-555
Delaying girls’ early marriage is a critical public health and education goal in developing countries, in which their own or their mothers’ education may play an important role. This paper reviews the existing evidence of any relationship between girls’ schooling or women’s literacy education and delayed marriage for themselves or their daughters. The majority of research reports focus on the correlation between girls’ schooling and brides’ age at first marriage. But it is conceivable that adult women’s/mothers’ literacy education also has considerable influence on the age at which their daughters are married. Since this aspect has hitherto not been explicitly investigated, the authors propose a model – based on relevant research about the outcomes of girls’ schooling and women’s literacy education – of the mechanisms that mediate between women’s education and delayed marriage for their daughters. The authors argue for research that will inform policy makers interested in helping girls complete secondary schooling about the potential contributions of adult women’s literacy education to this goal. 相似文献
10.
The influence of video clubs on teachers’ thinking and practice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Elizabeth A. van Es Miriam Gamoran Sherin 《Journal of Mathematics Teacher Education》2010,13(2):155-176
This article examines a model of professional development called “video clubs” in which teachers watch and discuss excerpts
of videos from their classrooms. We investigate how participation in a video club influences teachers’ thinking and practice
by exploring three related contexts: (a) teachers’ comments during video-club meetings, (b) teachers’ self-reports of the
effects of the video club, and (c) teachers’ instruction across the year. Data analysis revealed changes in all three contexts.
In the video-club meetings, teachers paid increased attention to student mathematical thinking over the course of the year.
In interviews, teachers reported having learned about students’ mathematical thinking, about the importance of attending to
student ideas during instruction, and about their school’s mathematics curriculum. Finally, shifts were also uncovered in
the teachers’ instruction. By the end of the year, teachers increasingly made space for student thinking to emerge in the
classroom, probed students’ underlying understandings, and learned from their students while teaching. 相似文献
11.
This paper presents a contingency theory of approaches to teaching in Higher Education adopted by university academics who
teach heterogeneous student cohorts within a changing university context. The study is located within the substantive context
of academics within Australian universities who teach within the broad field of management studies. Orthodox grounded theory
is employed to generate a contingency typology comprised of four separate teaching approaches: Distancing, Adapting, Clarifying,
and Relating. The model demonstrates how academics utilise a variety of teaching approaches to address their ‘main concern’,
namely maintaining their professional competence within the context of a rapidly changing university landscape and significantly
heterogeneous groups of students. We have labelled this process ‘Maintaining Competence’. This model stresses the importance
of the twin forces of structure and individual agency in determining teaching approaches. It emphasises the value of analysing
what academics actually do in the classroom situation, rather than concentrating on normative assumptions of what they should do in terms of best practice. 相似文献
12.
Hein Broekkamp Bernadette H. A. M. Van Hout-Wolters 《Educational Psychology Review》2007,19(4):401-428
According to theories of students’ test preparation, students may optimize their test performance by paying special attention
to important information and processing this information in ways that are appropriate to the type of questions included in
the forthcoming test. However, research is unclear about the conditions under which students adapt study strategies to the
demands of test preparation tasks. Moreover, little is known about the processes and abilities involved. In this article,
we present a theoretical model that integrates various factors that seem relevant to strategy adaptation in test preparation,
including the teacher’s intended task demands, students’ perceptions of these demands, students’ personal goals for studying,
and their ability to adapt and implement strategies. The aim of our model is to stimulate further research on strategy adaptation,
which may eventually provide evidence-based guidelines that could help teachers support the development of students’ strategy
adaptability and use tests as learning tools. 相似文献
13.
14.
Younkyeong Nam 《Cultural Studies of Science Education》2012,7(2):485-493
This review explores Ben-Zvi Assaraf, Eshach, Orion, and Alamour’s paper titled “Cultural Differences and Students’ Spontaneous
Models of the Water Cycle: A Case Study of Jewish and Bedouin Children in Israel” by examining how the authors use the concept
of spontaneous mental models to explain cultural knowledge source of Bedouin children’s mental model of water compared to
Jewish children’s mental model of water in nature. My response to Ben-Zvi Assaraf et al.’s work expands upon their explanations
of the Bedouin children’s cultural knowledge source. Bedouin children’s mental model is based on their culture, religion,
place of living and everyday life practices related to water. I suggest a different knowledge source for spontaneous mental
model of water in nature based on unique history and traditions of South Korea where people think of water in nature in different
ways. This forum also addresses how western science dominates South Korean science curriculum and ways of assessing students’
conceptual understanding of scientific concepts. Additionally I argue that western science curriculum models could diminish
Korean students’ understanding of natural world which are based on Korean cultural ways of thinking about the natural world.
Finally, I also suggest two different ways of considering this unique knowledge source for a more culturally relevant teaching
Earth system education. 相似文献
15.
Although prior research has shown that experts tend to overestimate or underestimate what laypersons actually know, little
is known about the specific consequences of biased estimations for communication. To investigate the impact of biased estimations
of a layperson’s knowledge on the effectiveness of experts’ explanations, we conducted a web-based dialog experiment with
45 pairs of experts and laypersons. We manipulated the experts’ mental model of the layperson by presenting them either valid
information about the layperson’s knowledge or information that was biased towards overestimation or underestimation. Results
showed that the experts adopted the biased estimations and adapted their explanations accordingly. Consequently, the laypersons’
learning from the experts’ explanations was impaired when the experts overestimated or underestimated the layperson’s knowledge.
In addition, laypersons whose knowledge was overestimated more often generated questions that reflected comprehension problems.
Laypersons whose knowledge was underestimated asked mainly for additional information previously not addressed in the explanations.
The results suggest that underestimating a learner during the instructional dialog is as detrimental to learning as is the
overestimation of a learner’s knowledge. Thus, the provision of effective explanations presupposes an accurate mental model
of the learner’s knowledge prerequisites. 相似文献
16.
An integrative model of scholastic judgments: Pupils’ characteristics, class context, halo effect and internal attributions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Benoît Dompnier Pascal Pansu Pascal Bressoux 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2006,21(2):119-133
This article proposes a model that integrates some of the determinants of scholastic judgment. The model is based on the assumption
that a teacher’s judgment in a particular discipline is influenced by different variables: the pupil’s actual performance
in the discipline, his/her actual performance in other disciplines (halo effect), the average performance of the class in
the discipline (class context effect), the pupil’s individual characteristics such as whether he/she has ever repeated a grade
and the teacher’s perception of the pupils’ causal explanations. Furthermore, the model proposes that a teacher’s perceptions
are related to the pupil’s spontaneous expression of causality, which in turn is influenced by the pupil’s knowledge of the
social value of causal explanations. In order to test the validity of the proposed model, the authors conducted a study in
a real classroom setting on a population of 663 pupils from 38 classes (3rd grade) and their respective teachers. Path analyses
showed that the theoretical model fit the data to a satisfactory extent. However, a comparison of the fit indexes of the theoretical
model and two alternative models (one nonhierarchical and one hierarchical) showed that the initial theoretical model could
be significantly improved by additional paths. 相似文献
17.
Peter Nenniger 《Educational Psychology Review》2006,18(3):233-237
The comment starts with a review of the authors’ four phase model of SRL as metacognitive, motivated, and strategic where it is suggested to complete the model with aspects of motivation, emotion, and attribution. Furthermore, integrating theories about “online motivation” within the model’s internal regulatory part and framing it with elements of interest theory could increase the explanatory power in view of the dynamics in the regulatory component. The authors’ critics of methodological shortcomings and their preference of “in vivo” indicators about learners’ tactics is acknowledged although their meaning of “validity” needs further elaboration, especially with regard to a precise definition of adequate parameters that depict significant characteristics of traces and of time-related changes. With respect to the Learning Kit Project, a parallel on-line measure of concurrent motivational and emotional states is suggested as well as an emphasis on regulatory aspects having their source in dynamic interactions between cognition, motivation, and emotion. Regarding the accompanying software, considering the difference in perspectives, roles, and needs of teachers and researchers and to integrate project and software into a more explicit instructional concept could help to realize its promising and challenging target even more efficiently. 相似文献
18.
19.
We investigate students’ negative perceptions about an online peer assessment system for undergraduate writing across the
disciplines. Specifically, we consider the nature of students’ resistance to peer assessment; what factors influence that
resistance; and how students’ perceptions impact their revision work. We do this work by first examining findings from an
end-of-course survey administered to 250 students in ten courses across six universities using an online peer assessment system
called SWoRD for their writing assignments. Those findings indicate that students have the most positive perceptions of SWoRD
in those courses where an instructor graded their work in addition to peers (as opposed to peer-only grading). We then move
to an in-depth examination of perceptions and revision work among 84 students using SWoRD and no instructor grading for assessment
of writing in one university class. Findings from that study indicate that students sometimes regard peer assessment as unfair
and often believe that peers are unqualified to review and assess students’ work. Furthermore, students’ perceptions about
the fairness of peer assessment drop significantly following students’ experience in doing peer assessment. Students’ fairness
perceptions—and drops in those perceptions—are most significantly associated with their perceptions about the extent to which
peers’ feedback is useful and positive. However, students’ perceptions appear to be unrelated to the extent of their revision
work. This research fills a considerable gap in the literature regarding the origin of students’ negative perceptions about
peer assessment, as well as how perceptions influence performance. 相似文献
20.
Maria Cristina Matteucci Carlo Tomasetto Patrizia Selleri Felice Carugati 《European Journal of Psychology of Education - EJPE》2008,23(4):421-432
Achievement evaluation in school contexts may be considered as a kind of social judgment, which is affected by social and
moral determinants since it is not merely an estimation of pupils’ accomplishment (Dompnier, Pansu, & Bressoux, 2006; Weiner,
2003). Teachers’ judgments have been investigated starting from the analysis of two theoretical approaches: the norm of internality
(Dubois, 2003), and the attributional approach to social motivation (Weiner, 2006). In order to study the social valorization
of internal explanations referring to effort in school context, an empirical research has been conducted. Our study investigates
how teachers evaluate fictitious pupils, which are supposed to explain events by means of different types of causal explanations.
According to our results, pupils providing effort-based explanations receive more positive judgments. Findings are discussed
by considering effort as a key principle of school environments. 相似文献