Is there a drop in normative clearsightedness in sixth grade? Study of internality and normative clearsightedness in fourth to seventh graders

Numerous studies have demonstrated a decrease in the expression of internality in French sixth graders as compared to fifth graders. The present study examines normative clearsightedness in addition to internality across four French school grades (fourth to seventh). The results confirmed the sixth-grade drop in internality and showed that the decrease also applies to normative clearsightedness.     

Scholastic achievement, academic self-schemata, and normative clearsightedness

This study based directly on Markus’s (1977) paradigm demonstrates the greater prevalence of an academic success self-schema in high academic achievers and of an academic failure self-schema in low academic achievers. The results also suggest that this achievementbased schema is modulated by clearsightedness (Py & Somat, 1991) in both good and poor students. Because more clearsighted individuals are probably better able to assess the arbitrariness of the reinforcement systems applied to their performance, they do not build the same schemata as less clearsighted individuals do.     

血清淀粉酶测定结果的溯源与方法学分组的关系

从一项血清酶活性可溯源性研究中发现淀粉酶(Amylase,AMY)测定结果与校正物的定值相差悬殊,并且不同来源的试剂盒间也存在高低不一的系统误差这一现象出发,分析了出现这些系统误差的原因,从理论和实验两个方面指出影响AMY测定结果的关键因素是AMY作用底物的结构不同,以此为例进而说明血清酶活性结果的溯源必须考虑构成检测系统的各个要素,其中首先是方法学原理及试剂盒的性能质量。     

A theory-driven approach to assessing the cognitive effects of PBL

Medical schools are increasingly looking to case-based formats such as problem-based learning (PBL) for their medical students. However, the effects of PBL have not been adequately assessed for an informed decision. An approach to assessment should consider not just the knowledge outcomes expected of all students, but should be tailored to the theoretical goals of PBL: clinical reasoning, integration of scientific and clinical knowledge, and lifelong learning skills. This means that problem-solving processes as well as products need to be measured. In addition, cognitive measures associated with expert performance can be used to assess the extent to which PBL affects the development of expertise. In this study, students taking an elective in PBL were compared with students taking other electives on a realistic pathophysiological explanation task. The problem-solving protocols were examined for coherence, use of science concepts, strategy use, and self-directed learning. The results indicate that cognitive measures can be used to distinguish students who have participated in PBL from their counterparts in terms of knowledge, reasoning, and learning strategies. This suggests that such measures may play a meaningful role in assessment of student learning.     

A network method of measuring affiliation-based peer influence: assessing the influences of teammates' smoking on adolescent smoking

Using a network analytic framework, this study introduces a new method to measure peer influence based on adolescents' affiliations or 2-mode social network data. Exposure based on affiliations is referred to as the "affiliation exposure model." This study demonstrates the methodology using data on young adolescent smoking being influenced by joint participation in school-based organized sports activities with smokers. The analytic sample consisted of 1,260 American adolescents from ages 10 to 13 in middle schools, and the results of the longitudinal regression analyses showed that adolescents were more likely to smoke as they were increasingly exposed to teammates who smoke. This study illustrates the importance of peer influence via affiliation through team sports.     

Comparing and assessing the consequences of two different approaches to measuring school effectiveness

Educational Assessment, Evaluation and Accountability - Nations, states, and districts must choose among an array of different approaches to measuring school effectiveness in implementing their...     

A study assessing the potential of negative effects in interdisciplinary math-biology instruction

There is increasing enthusiasm for teaching approaches that combine mathematics and biology. The call for integrating more quantitative work in biology education has led to new teaching tools that improve quantitative skills. Little is known, however, about whether increasing interdisciplinary work can lead to adverse effects, such as the development of broader but shallower skills or the possibility that math anxiety causes some students to disengage in the classroom, or, paradoxically, to focus so much on the mathematics that they lose sight of its application for the biological concepts in the center of the unit at hand. We have developed and assessed an integrative learning module and found disciplinary learning gains to be equally strong in first-year students who actively engaged in embedded quantitative calculations as in those students who were merely presented with quantitative data in the context of interpreting biological and biostatistical results. When presented to advanced biology students, our quantitative learning tool increased test performance significantly. We conclude from our study that the addition of mathematical calculations to the first year and advanced biology curricula did not hinder overall student learning, and may increase disciplinary learning and data interpretation skills in advanced students.     

Learning the norm of internality: NetNorm,a connectionist model

The objective of the present article is to show that connectionist simulations can be used to model some of the socio-cognitive processes underlying the learning of the norm of internality. For our simulations, we developed a connectionist model which we called NetNorm (based on Dual-Network formalism). This model is capable of simulating the implicit learning of this social norm through a simple process of situation/reinforcement association. In a second simulation, we simulated a non-linear learning in order to reproduce the triple inflexion in the internality learning curve that has been observed for children entering high school. The results support those previously reported in the literature. Moreover, our simulations could be used to develop new experimental predictions.     

谈中学物理测量仪器的读数方法

为了搞好物理教学实验，文章介绍了确定仪器、仪表的读数的原则和方法，辅导学生熟悉各种测量仪器的使用，学会用有效数字表达直接测量结果，突破教学难点。     

谈我国高职外语教学应对WTO的方略

加入WTO将给中国高职外语教学带来深刻的影响，为适应WTO的要求，高职外语教学就要完善课程结构，改革教学模式，改进教学手段，改革外语考试制度和评价体系，同时，也要注重加强国际化交流与合作，进一步扩大开放力度。     

A developmental study of school performance explanations of 6 to 11-year-olds: Causal differentiation and internality norm

Children's explanations of their performances are characterized by an increase of internal explanations over external ones. Originally considered a manifestation of cognitive development, this change has more recently been considered as an appropriation of a social norm. Two investigations are presented analyzing development of causal explanations of success and failure in mathematics and drawing. In the first study, two measures of causal attribution are compared in order to show that the use of unipolar scales is more suitable for illustrating differences in causal factors progressively operated by children. The hypothesis of the appropriation of a norm of internality is investigated in the second study. Results do not confirm this hypothesis and further, they cannot be interpreted solely in terms of cognitive development. They are discussed in the frame of a theory of socio-cognitive development.     

微生物培养基优化方法概述

对微生物培养基优化中常用的单因素试验、正交设计、均匀设计、二次回归正交旋转组合、遗传算法以及响应面优化设计等方法进行了综述,并对各种方法进行了分析和比较.     

培养什么样的教育研究者以及如何培养--对我国教育学教育的思考

在教育学教育中,教育学不是一个具体的学科,而是一个统称。现代社会,随着社会分工和学科分化的不断发展,教育研究已经成为一种专业化的工作。教育学的发展越来越依靠教育研究者的素质。然而我国的教育科学研究无论是理论研究,还是实验研究,都严重滞后于教育改革进程。教育学研究者要努力把教育学教育当作一门学科、一门专业、一个学科职业来发展,积极建立起这一学科自己独立的“人格”、独立的评价标准、独立的价值体系。     

利用RANGE软件评价产出性词汇习得效果初探

利用RANGE软件中的自建基础词表功能,分析学习者作文语料,以此检测学习者经过一段时间学习后,在写作中使用所学词汇的情况。主要可以分析学生作文中目标词汇的使用数量和频率、具体的目标词汇的使用情况,班级之间在产出性词汇习得效果上的比较等。该方法可以检测习得效果以及存在的问题,有助于改进词汇教学和培养学习者使用所学词汇的意识。     

Integration statt Konfrontation! On the methodological discussion about the respective values of quantitative und qualitative research

Zusammenfassung Wenngleich in der sozialwissenschaftlichen Forschungspraxis die gemeinsame Nutzung qualitativer und standardisierter Ans?tze weit verbreitet ist, zeigt sich in methodologischen, wissenschaftstheoretischen und professionspolitischen Debatten weiterhin h?ufig das altbekannte Schisma zwischen den beiden Forschungstraditionen. Dieser Trennung wird hier widersprochen und anhand von Beispielen aufgezeigt, wie gerade eine an Entwicklungsprozessen interessierte Forschung durch die Kombination beider Zugangsweisen gewinnen kann. Unter einer solchen Perspektive ger?t die Frage nach der methodologischen Gründung der verwendeten Techniken in den Blick. Postuliert wird hier der Verzicht auf Sonderwege methodologischer Begründungen qualitativer Verfahren und der Gebrauch der existierenden einheitswissenschaftlicher Methodologie. Ausgehend von der gemeinsamen Erfahrung als empirische Forschungspraktiker werden über Problemstellungen aus dem Bereich der Lebensverlaufs-und Biographieforschung die spezifischen St?rken und Schw?chen der jeweiligen Ans?tze kontrastiert. Unter dem Blickwinkel der Kombination kann gezeigt werden, dass dieses multimethodische Vorgehen einerseits die Absicherung von Erkl?rungen verbessert und andererseits ad?quate Modelle der betrachteten Prozesse entworfen werden k?nnen. Im Falle inkompatibler Ergebnisse zeigt dieses Verfahren eine weitere St?rke: Jetzt k?nnen Modifikationen bestehender Erkl?rungsmodelle empirisch begründet vorgenommen werden.

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Summary Integration, not confrontation! On the methodological discussion about the respectve values of quantitative und qualitative research Although the combination of qualitative and quantitative methods is widely employed by research practitioners in the social sciences, the well established schism between the two research traditions still frequently emerges in methodological debates. While many authors in the educational sciences pretend that only a standardized and statistically oriented methodology is able to deal with the relevant questions in this field, others propagate qualitative methods as the only appropriate approach to the specific problems of this research field. This article contradicts both views and goes on to show that especially those research programmes centred on developmental processes can benefit from an integration of both perspectives. Associated with this research strategy is the problem of the methodological foundations of the different techniques. Instead of developing alternative methodological deliberations for the qualitative research, a common methodology for scientific research in general is postulated. Starting from practical experiences with biographical and life-course research, the strengths and weaknesses of each approach are contrasted with one another. The benefits of their combination are then considered. A multi-method approach leads to an improvement in the validity of conclusions drawn out of research findings. The utilization of different methods — which are often grounded in different paradigms — sheds light on the problem that research findings often show different phenomena and not the different aspects of one phenomenon. The discussion of the relationship of the findings to one another (congruent, complementary or divergent) shows that another strength of this multi-method approach lies in the empirically induced modification of existing models and theories, as well as in the development of new explanations.

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At best, one can know what has not yet been ruled out as false. (Cook/Campbell 1979, S. 37)     

A pedagogical aid for linking methodological and statistical courses

A critical component in teaching research methods and statistics is linking the data collection with data analysis in such a way that students are engaged and encouraged. Using a strategy congruent with Greek's “active learning” (1995) and Chernak and Weiss's “activity-based learning” (1999), this paper outlines a heuristic mechanism that involves students with data collection, analysis, and utilization of 5 different software programs. To illustrate the process, a case study of my Spring 1999 graduate course in quantitative methods and computer utilization is presented.     

Practical criticism of the art of conversation: A methodological critique

If conversation is a practical art, then a discipline that studies conversation should “assume the full burden of the critic. “In an effort to clarify and extend this notion, the present essay offers a tentative account of the methodological requirements of practical criticism, and examines six research studies representing various methodological approaches from that perspective. The critique suggests both the unique contributions of each method and the necessity for intense interaction among methods within the framework of a critical discipline.     

滕固美术史方法论研究

滕固的美术史研究,在中西会通与方法论自觉上有开拓之功。标榜唐宋,关注写实技巧与视觉自然的发展;其历史分期,是一种启蒙叙事。关注中国风格如何形成,体现出民族—国家的叙事逻辑。其风格学象征着梁启超史学革命与整理国故运动的某种复合;其现代性体现在语言结构、创造论、进步论、民族精神和国家理念的建构等方面。现代性需要对传统文化进行“创造性转化”。