居住建筑的节能技术

节约能源是发展经济和保护环境的关键.本文指出了建筑节能中存在的问题,并提出了解决的思路.     

谈住宅建筑的节能设计措施

节能型住宅的设计和研究开发住宅节能技术,是目前的建筑业极为重要的热点话题之一,也是建筑业实施可持续发展的一个关键环节.节能建筑是未来建筑发展的方向,本文从7个方面介绍了住宅建筑节能设计的措施.     

智能建筑能耗优化、管理和评估

智能建筑的建设目标就是为人类打造健康、舒适、安全的家居环境。然而在全球能源危机日益严重的情况下,智能建筑如何合理利用自然资源、优化施工方法、有效降低能耗就成了刻不容缓的事情。本文根据我国智能建筑能耗现状进行分析,探讨智能建筑能耗优化、管理和评估办法。     

住宅产业化对建筑经济的影响

改革开放以来,我国建筑业的发展突飞猛进,建筑经济已成为国民经济的重要支柱。目前我国的建筑业仍然以粗放型的建造方式为主,成本畸高,建筑经济效益持续低迷。房地产行业的发展将不能再建立在大量的资源能源投入和廉价的劳动力基础上,而是要以整体技术进步和产业化带动产业持续发展,实现产业的转型升级,破解当前阻碍建筑经济增长的难题。     

不同地区幼儿园质量评估标准的比较与启示——基于28个省(市)评估标准的分析

幼儿园评价体系是衡量幼儿园质量的重要工具,研究运用量化和质性相结合的研究方法,对国内28个省(市)层面的幼儿园质量评估标准进行指标结构、内容和评估方法维度上的分析,发现各省市不同维度分值权重分配具有一致性,指标结构呈现为结构性指标占比较大,其次是过程性指标,结果性指标较少;在内容上具有一定的差异性;评估方式大都以查阅资...     

中国高等教育评估机构的认证标准

随着高等教育的大众化，迫切需要建立一个由教育质量评估机构为主体的完善的质量保证体系来监督、保证高等教育的质量。据悉，教育部为了适应本科教育评估的新形势，拟在全国认证一批评估机构，承担相应的任务。究竟什么样的评估机构能担负起这一重     

中美高校德育评估标准比较及其启示

以评估标准为切入点,比较与分析中美高校德育评估的异同,我们可以得到借鉴和启示。具体说来:一是由学理主义向实证主义转向;二是由模糊评估向精确评估演进;三是从知识性向活动性转化;四是提升大学生自评与互评的权重;五是通过立法制定国家标准。     

我国本科教育评估指标体系和美国院校鉴定标准的比较

本以我国本科教学工作水平评估和美国院校鉴定为比较对象。指出指标体系和鉴定标准之间的异同点，说明各自发展历程及其原因，最后分析了我国指标体系的不足与美国鉴定标准的长处。并对我国本科教育的评估提出了几点启示与建议。     

美国高等教育学生学习成果评估标准比较研究

美国高等教育评估已从关注资源转向关注学生学习成果。本文基于美国高等教育中学生学习成果评估标准的历史沿革,比较分析了三大高等教育机构——高等教育标准促进委员会(CAS)、美国大学与学院联合会(AACU)和美国教育考试服务中心(ETS)的相应标准,总结其特征为:能力和素质相一致的评估维度、理论与实践相统一的评估指标、定量和定性相结合的评估工具。由此得出我国可从学习期望、评估目标和实际应用三个方面完善高等教育评估标准。     

居住建筑外窗节能设计研究——太阳能的利用

住宅位置不同、楼层不同,各层的日照时间也不同,在进行居住建筑外窗节能设计时,应最大限度地利用太阳能,以达到良好的节能效果.有充足日照的住宅或楼层,应增加建筑物利用太阳得热,减少暖气使用;日照资源少的住宅或楼层,应严格控制窗墙比和飘窗的使用.     

Indicator system of energy efficient technologies evaluation of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter regions of China

The related existing energy saving index system of buildings is deficient in direction, index coverage, depth, and technological and economic considerations. Aiming at the deficient existing research and with the advancement of energy saving of buildings in China from northern heating regions to southern hot summer and cold winter regions, selecting residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter regions as the research object, and through much evaluation index reference and repeated demonstrations and the borrowing of literature research home and abroad and relevant energy saving standards, filters and eliminates energy efficient technologies evaluation indexes according to the design principle of index system, the factors influencing the energy saving of residential buildings are evaluated, index system weight is established by adopting analytic hierarchy process, and finally the evaluation index system of energy saving technologies of residential buildings in hot summer and cold winter area of China is established. Each target layer includes five standard layer indexes and sixteen index layer indexes The standard layer of evaluation index, namely primary indexes, includes the technological, energy saving effect, economic, environmental, and social indexes. The secondary indexes are selected based on the principles of concision, comprehensiveness, representativeness and operability.     

我国环境影响评价中公众参与的长效性研究

文章从中国环境影响评价中公众参与内涵、目的作用及其机制入手，结合《暂行办法》的规定内容，从多方面提出确保中国EIA中公众参与机制长效性的措施。     

我国建筑节能财税政策研究

我国建筑节能虽取得了一定成就,但依然存在能耗大、能源利用率低等问题。分析其存在的原因,财税政策对于建筑节能支持力度不够是重要因素之一,包括我国对建筑节能的财税激励作用较小、激励范围窄、政策设计有缺陷等。立足我国国情及建筑节能财税政策现状,从税收优惠、财政补贴以及相关配套措施等方面提出促进建筑节能发展的对策建议。     

Emissions of volatile organic compounds and carbonyl compounds from residential coal combustion in China

Emissions of volatile organic compounds （VOCs） and carbonyls from residential coal combustion of five coals with different maturities were studied in a simulated room.The coals were burned in form of honeycomb briquettes in a domestic coal stove,one of the most common fuel/stove combinations in China.Through a dilution system,VOCs and carbonyls samples were collected by canisters and silica-gel cartridges and analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrum （GC/MS） and high performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet （HPLC/UV）,respectively.The results show that the bituminous coals with medium volatile matter content produce the highest emissions while the anthracite yields the lowest.Among the identified carbonyls from the coal smoke,the aromatic compounds （benzaldehyde,2,5-dimethylbenzaldehyde and p-tolualdehyde,m/o-tolualdehyde,benzene,m,p-xylene and trimethyl-benzene） were relatively abundant,which might be due to the molecular structure of the coal.For formaldehyde,aromatic carbonyls and aliphatic alkanes,their concentrations increase up to the maximum values and then decrease with increasing coal maturity.The total carbonyls and VOCs have the same tendency,which was observed for the emission factors of organic carbon （OC）,elemental carbon （EC）,particulate matter （PM） and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） detected in the series study.     

利用液化天然气冷能进行区域供冷的2种方案比较

针对利用液化天然气冷能作为冷源的区域供冷系统,设计了2种方案.方案1使用冰作为蓄冷介质,先用液化天然气的冷能制冰,然后将冰运送至区域供冷系统的中心冷站.方案2则直接利用液化天然气冷能冷却回水,并通过管道运输冷冻水至需冷终端.冷能运输过程中的冷量损失是影响系统效率的主要因素,在评估2种方案的效率时对其进行了重点分析.分析结果显示,利用液化天然气冷能进行区域供冷在经济上是现实可行的.方案2的供冷距离限于13km以内,方案1则没有供冷距离的限制.当供冷距离在6～13km之间时,方案2的效率更高;当供冷距离小于6km或大于13km时,采用方案1在经济上更为合理.     

Effects of nitrogen fertilization strategies on nitrogen use efficiency in physiology,recovery, and agronomy and redistribution of dry matter accumulation and nitrogen accumulation in two typical rice cultivars in Zhejiang,China

Field experiments were conducted in farmers’ rice fields in 2001 and 2002 to study the effects of nitrogen (N) management strategies on N use efficiency in recovery (RE), agronomy (AE) and physiology (PE) and redistribution of dry matter accumulation (DMA) and nitrogen accumulation (NA) in two typical rice cultivars in Jinhua, Zhejiang Province. This study aimed mainly at identifying the possible causes of poor fertilizer N use efficiency (NUE) of rice in Zhejiang by comparing farmers’ fertilizer practice (FFP) with advanced site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) and real-time N management (RTNM). The results showed that compared to FFP, SSNM and RTNM reduced DMA and NA before panicle initiation and increased DMA and NA at post-flowering. There is no significant difference between SSNM and FFP in post-flowering dry matter redistribution (post-DMR) and post-flowering nitrogen redistribution (post-NR). These results suggest that high input rate of fertilizer N and improper fertilizer N timing are the main factors causing low NUE of irrigated rice in the farmer’s routine practice of Zhejiang. With SSNM, about 15% of the current total N input in direct-seeding early rice and 45% in single rice could be reduced without yield loss in Zhejiang, China. Project supported by the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC), the Potash & Phosphate Institute and the Potash & Phosphate Institute of Canada (PPI-PPIC), the International Fertilizer Industry Association (IFA), the International Potash Institute (IPI), and 948 Project of the Ministry of Agriculture of China (No. 2003-Z53)     

夏热冬冷区建筑热环境研究

根据夏热冬冷区的气候特征,探讨了热传递机理.提出了节能指标体系的优化方法.